Transport Layer

Goals:
understand principles
behind transport layer
services:
multiplexing/demultiplex
ing
reliable data transfer
flow control
congestion control
Overview:
transport layer services
multiplexing/demultiplexing
connectionless transport: UDP
principles of reliable data
transfer
connection-oriented transport:
TCP
reliable transfer
flow control
connection management
principles of congestion control
TCP congestion control

23-1 PROCESS-TO-PROCESS DELIVERY
The transport layer is responsible for process-to-
process deliverythe delivery of a packet, part of a
message, from one process to another. Two processes
communicate in a client/server relationship, as we will
see later.
The transport layer is responsible for process-to-
process delivery.
Note
Types of data deliveries
IP addresses versus port numbers
IANA ranges
Socket address
Multiplexing and demultiplexing
Position of UDP, TCP, and SCTP in TCP/IP suite
23-2 USER DATAGRAM PROTOCOL (UDP)
The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is called a
connectionless, unreliable transport protocol. It does
not add anything to the services of IP except to provide
process-to-process communication instead of host-to-
host communication.
UDP: User Datagram Protocol [RFC 768]
best effort service, UDP segments may be:
lost
delivered out of order to app
Why use UDP?
No connection establishment cost (critical for
some applications, e.g., DNS)
No connection state
Small segment headers (only 8 bytes)

Multiplexing/Demultiplexing
Use same communication channel between
hosts for several logical communication
processes
Transport
Layer
Network
Layer
Transport
Layer
Network
Layer
HTTP
FTP
Telnet
User datagram format
UDP Checksum
The UDP Checksum provides for error detection
UDP at the sender side performs the ones complement
of the sum of all the 16 bit words in the segment.
This result is put in the checksum field of the UDP
Segment.
At the receiving host all 16 bit words are added together
including the checksum
If the sum equals 111111111111111 then the segment has no
error detected.
If one of the bit is zero, then we know that error has
been introduced in the segment
UDP Checksum (cont)
We have the following 3 sixteen bit words

UDP Checksum (cont)
The sum of 3 16 bit numbers is 1100101011001010
The complement of the sum is 0011010100110101

UDP Checksum (cont)
At the receiver all four 16 bit words are added, including
the checksum.
If no error are introduced into a segment then the sum
at the receiver will be 111111111111111.
If one of the bit is zero then we know that error has
been introduced into the segment.




UDP Checksum (cont)
The sum of first three 16 bit number is
1100101011001010
Now to add checksum
1100101011001010
0011010100110101
The sum is 1111111111111111 which means that there is no
error detected.

Q: Is it possible that UDP checksum does not detect an
error?