Differential Calculus
Chapter 5 The Derivative in Graphing
and Applications
Section 5.1 Analysis of Functions I:
Increase, Decrease,
and Concavity
Copyright 2005 by Ron Wallace, all rights reserved.
Increasing Decreasing Constant
Over an Interval
Intuitively, the
graph is read from
left to right.
Increasing going up hill
Decreasing going down hill
Constant level
(-, a), (b, 0), (c, d), (f, )
(a, b), (d, f)
(0, c)
What about at the endpoints of each of these intervals?
x
1
x
2
f(x
1
)
f(x
2
)
x
1
x
2
f(x
1
)
f(x
2
)
x
1
x
2
f(x
1
) f(x
2
)
Increasing Decreasing Constant
Over an Interval
Formally
If x
1
& x
2
are any
two points in an
interval and x
1
<x
2
Increasing f(x
1
) < f(x
2
)
Decreasing f(x
1
) > f(x
2
)
Constant f(x
1
) = f(x
2
)
What about at the endpoints of each of these intervals?
(-, a), (b, 0), (c, d), (f, )
(a, b), (d, f)
(0, c)
Increasing Decreasing Constant
At a Point
The behavior of a
function at a point
is determined by
the tangent line at
that point.
Increasing f(x) > 0
Decreasing f(x) < 0
Constant f(x) = 0
(-, a), (b, 0), (c, d), (f, )
(a, b), (d, f)
(0, c)
What about at the endpoints of each of these intervals?
Example 1
Describe the behavior of the function
2 5 ) (
2
= x x x f
5 2 ) ( ' = x x f
0 5 2 < x
Decreasing
2
5
< x
0 5 2 > x
Increasing
2
5
> x
0 5 2 = x
Constant
2
5
= x
Example 2
Describe the behavior of the function
x x x x f 12 3 2 ) (
2 3
= 12 6 6 ) ( '
2
= x x x f
0 1 and 0 2
or
0 1 and 0 2
< + >
> + <
x x
x x
Decreasing Increasing Constant
) 1 )( 2 ( 6 + = x x
2 1 < < x
0 1 and 0 2
or
0 1 and 0 2
> + >
< + <
x x
x x
0 1
or
0 2
= +
=
x
x
2 or 1 > < x x 2 or 1 = = x x
Concavity
A behavior of a
functions curvature.
If f(x) is differentiable over (a,b)
and f(x) is increasing x over (a,b),
then f(x) is concave up over (a,b).
f(x) increasing
f(x) > 0
A function that is concave up will hold water.
The function is curving in a counter-clockwise rotation
and its tangents are all below the function.
Concavity
A behavior of a
functions curvature.
If f(x) is differentiable over (a,b)
and f(x) is decreasing x over (a,b),
then f(x) is concave down over (a,b).
f(x) decreasing
f(x) < 0
A function that is concave down will spill water.
The function is curving in a clockwise rotation
and its tangents are all above the function.
Inflection Points
If f(x) is continuous over an interval containing a
and the concavity of f(x) changes at a
then (a, f(a)) is an inflection point of the function.
Where can this happen?
f(x) = 0
f(x) DNE
Inflection Points in the Graph? At x = e
Example 1
Find the inflection points of the function
2 5 ) (
2
= x x x f
5 2 ) ( ' = x x f
2 ) ( ' ' = x f
No inflection points!
Example 2
Find the inflection points of the function
x x x x f 12 3 2 ) (
2 3
= 12 6 6 ) ( '
2
= x x x f
6 12 ) ( ' ' = x x f
0 6 12 = x
2
1
= x
Inflection point at
Inflection point is
2
1
|
.
|
\
|
2
13
,
2
1
Curvature
Not included in our textbook.
See: http://www.ies.co.jp/math/java/calc/curve/curve.html
Measurement of the
bentness of a function.
2 3
2
2
2
1
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
dx
dy
dx
y d
k
Radius of Curvature
k
1
=
Therefore:
Large k small very bent
Small k large almost flat
= x
x x
x
x f
Finding Absolute Extrema: Infinite Interval
1. Find the critical points.
relative max or min?
2. Evaluate f(x) at
relative max and relative min points
3. Evaluate the limits as x .
4. Of the values in step 2
largest is the absolute maximum if the limits
smallest is the absolute minimum if the limits
Example:
) , ( , 2 3 ) (
4 3
+ e = x x x x f
Finding Absolute Extrema: Other Intervals
(a,b]
[a,b)
(-,b]
(-,b)
[a,+)
(a,+)
Likewise
Two more examples
Example 1
) , 0 ( , 2
) 1 ln(
sin 3
) ( + e +
+
= x
x
x
x f
5 ) ( lim
0
=
x f
x
LHpitals Rule
2 ) ( lim =
x f
x
Squeeze Theorem
) 1 ( ln ) 1 (
sin 3 cos ) 1 ln( ) 1 ( 3
) ( '
2
+ +
+ +
=
x x
x x x x
x f
Critical Points @ x ~ 0.8696, 4.6093,
f(0.8696) = 5.6637
ABS Max
f(4.6093) = 0.2695
ABS Min
5
20
2
Example 2
) 4 , 0 [ , ) (
2
e = x x x f
0 ) 0 ( = f
16 ) ( lim
4
=
x f
x
x x f 2 ) ( ' =
Critical Point @ x =0
f(0) = 0
ABS Min
ABS Max DNE!
4
MTH 251
Differential Calculus
Chapter 5 The Derivative in Graphing
and Applications
Section 5.5 Applied Maximum and
Minimum Problems
Copyright 2005 by Ron Wallace, all rights reserved.
Optimization Problems
Note: Although the function may be
defined over a larger domain, the
interval for the problem may be
restricted due to the conditions of the
application.
Problems that lead to finding the
maximum or minimum value of a
function over an interval.
Example
A box with a top is to be made out of a 20 by
30 rectangular piece of cardboard by cutting
out six squares (see diagram). How large
should the cutout squares be to obtain a box
with the largest possible volume?
Bottom Top
20
30
x V = x [20 2x] [(30 3x)/2]
= 3x
3
60x
2
+ 300x
x e(0, 10)
V = 9x
2
120x
+ 300
= 3 (x 10) (3x 10)
0 lim
0
=
+
V
x
0 lim
10
=
V
x
( ) 4 . 444 3 10 = V
x = 3 1/3 in
V = 444 4/9 in
3
Example (revised)
A box with a top is to be made out of a 20 by
30 rectangular piece of cardboard by cutting
out six squares (see diagram). How large
should the cutout squares be to obtain a box
with the largest possible volume, if the box
can be no more than 3 tall?
Bottom Top
20
30
x V = x [20 2x] [(30 3x)/2]
= 3x
3
60x
2
+ 300x
x e(0, 3]
V = 9x
2
120x
+ 300
= 3 (x 10) (3x 10)
0 lim
0
=
+
V
x
( ) 441 3 = V
( ) 4 . 444 3 10 = V
x = 3 in
V = 441 in
3
( ) 0 10 = V
Strategy for Optimization Problems
1. Draw & Label a Diagram
2. Find a formula that involves the variable to be
optimized (must include one other variable).
3. Determine the domain for the other variable.
4. Solve the resulting absolute max/min problem.
Differentiate the formula
Domain endpoints
Critical points
5. Give your final answer in terms of the problem.
More examples? Pages 318 322.
MTH 251
Differential Calculus
Chapter 5 The Derivative in Graphing
and Applications
Section 5.7 Rolles Theorem;
Mean-Value Theorem
Copyright 2005 by Ron Wallace, all rights reserved.
Rolles Theorem
If f(x) is continuous over [a,b], differentiable over
(a,b), and f(a) = f(b) = 0; then there is at least
one c e (a,b) such that f(c) = 0.
a b c
c
3
c
2
Rolles Theorem - Proof
If f(x) is continuous over [a,b], differentiable over
(a,b), and f(a) = f(b) = 0; then there is at least
one c e (a,b) such that f(c) = 0.
a b
Case 1: f(x) = 0 xe(a,b)
f(x) = 0 xe(a,b)
c is any point in (a,b).
a b
Rolles Theorem - Proof
If f(x) is continuous over [a,b], differentiable over
(a,b), and f(a) = f(b) = 0; then there is at least
one c e (a,b) such that f(c) = 0.
Case 2: f(x
0
) > 0 for some x
0
e(a,b)
f(x) has an abs. max.
Extreme Value Theorem
abs. max. is not at a or b
f(x
0
) > 0, f(a) = f(b) = 0
abs. max. at some value c e (a,b)
stationary critical point at x=c
f(x) is differentiable
f(c) = 0
c x
0
a b
Rolles Theorem - Proof
If f(x) is continuous over [a,b], differentiable over
(a,b), and f(a) = f(b) = 0; then there is at least
one c e (a,b) such that f(c) = 0.
Case 3: f(x
0
) < 0 for some x
0
e(a,b)
f(x) has an abs. min.
Extreme Value Theorem
abs. min. is not at a or b
f(x
0
) < 0, f(a) = f(b) = 0
abs. min. at some value c e (a,b)
stationary critical point at x=c
f(x) is differentiable
f(c) = 0
c
x
0
X-Intercepts
Rolles Theorem - Example
4 3
3 4 ) ( x x x f =
0 3 4
4 3
= x x
( ) 0 3 4
3
= x x
0 ) 3 4 ( ) 0 ( = = f f
( ) x x
x x x f
=
=
1 12
12 12 ) ( '
2
3 2
1 & 0 at 0 ) ( ' = = x x f
Note that 0 < 1 < 4/3
Mean-Value Theorem
If f(x) is continuous over [a,b] and differentiable over
(a,b); then there is at least one c e (a,b) such that
a b
a f b f
c f
=
) ( ) (
) ( '
c a b
) ( ' c f
is the slope of
the tangent line
a b
a f b f
) ( ) (
is the slope of
the secant line
That is, there is a tangent line between a & b [instantaneous change]
with the same slope as the secant line [average change].
Mean-Value Theorem - Proof
If f(x) is continuous over [a,b] and differentiable over
(a,b); then there is at least one c e (a,b) such that
a b
a f b f
c f
=
) ( ) (
) ( '
a c b
Let v(x) = distance from f(x) to
the secent line.
v(x)
Secant Line:
( ) a x
a b
a f b f
a f y
+ =
) ( ) (
) (
( )
(
+ = a x
a b
a f b f
a f x f x v
) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
Note that v(a) = v(b) = 0
(i.e. v(x) satisifies Rolles Theorem)
Part I
Mean-Value Theorem - Proof
If f(x) is continuous over [a,b] and differentiable over
(a,b); then there is at least one c e (a,b) such that
a b
a f b f
c f
=
) ( ) (
) ( '
a c b
v(x)
v(x) satisifies Rolles Theorem [i.e. - c e (a,b) v(c) = 0]
(
=
a b
a f b f
x f x v
) ( ) (
) ( ' ) ( '
0
) ( ) (
) ( ' ) ( ' =
(
=
a b
a f b f
c f c v
a b
a f b f
c f
=
) ( ) (
) ( '
Part II
( )
(
+ = a x
a b
a f b f
a f x f x v
) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
MVT Theorem Example 1
] 1 , 1 [ 1, 3 4 ) (
3
e + = x x x x f
57735 . 0
3
3
~ = x
0 ) 1 ( = f
2 ) 1 ( = f
1
) 1 ( 1
0 2 ) ( ) (
=
a b
a f b f
3 12 ) ( '
2
= x x f
1 =
Note that: 1
3
3
1 < <
In this case, both solutions satisfy the MVT (only one solution is guaranteed).
MVT Theorem Example 1
] 1 , 1 [ 1, 3 4 ) (
3
e + = x x x x f
57735 . 0
3
3
~ = x
0 ) 1 ( = f
2 ) 1 ( = f
1
) 1 ( 1
0 2 ) ( ) (
=
a b
a f b f
3 12 ) ( '
2
= x x f
1 =
Note that: 1
3
3
1 < <
In this case, both solutions satisfy the MVT (only one solution is guaranteed).
MVT Theorem Example 2
While driving down the freeway at 9:53 am, a state
police officer clocks you at 62 mph. At 10:05 and 15
miles down the road, a second state police officer
clocks you at 64 mph, pulls you over, and gives you a
ticket for driving 72 mph. Are you guilty?
Your average velocity =
mph 75
minutes 12
miles 15
=
Since your speed is a continuous function, the MVT
implies that at some point you were driving 75 mph.
He gave you a break!