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Erik

Erikson
Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development considered that
personality develops in a series of stages. A person will encounter a
particular psychosocial problem at each stage.
If an individual successfully solves the problem, he/she will develop a
good social trait that will help him solve the next problem
If an individual is unsuccessful, he/she will develop a bad social trait
that will hinder his/her solving a new problem at next stage
Psychosocial Stages
Of
Development
Trust
vs.
Mistrust

he first stage of Erikson!s theory of psychosocial development


occurs between birth and one year of age and is the most
fundamental stage in life.

"ecause an infant is utterly dependent, the development of trust is


based on the dependability and #uality of the child!s caregivers.

If a child successfully develops trust, he or she will feel safe and


secure in the world. %aregivers who are inconsistent, emotionally
unavailable, or re&ecting contribute to feelings of mistrust in the
children they care for. 'ailure to develop trust will result in fear
and a belief that the world is inconsistent and unpredictable.
Autonomy
vs.
Shame and
Doubt

his stage occurs between the ages of () months to three years.


According to Erikson, children at this stage are focused on developing
a greater sense of self*control.

+aining a sense of personal control over the world is important at this


stage of development. oilet training plays a ma&or role, learning to
control ones body functions leads to a feeling of control and a sense
of independence. -ther important events include gaining more
control over food choices, toy preferences and clothing selection.

%hildren who successfully complete this stage feel secure and


confident, while those who do not are left with a sense of inade#uacy
and self*doubt.
Initiative
vs.
Guilt

.uring the preschool years, children begin to


assert their power and control over the world
through directing play and other social
interactions.

%hildren who are successful at this stage feel


capable and able to lead others. hose who
fail to ac#uire these skills are left with a
sense of guilt, self*doubt, and lack of
initiative.
Industry
vs.
Inferiority

he stage occurs during childhood between the ages of six and eleven.
/chool and social interaction play an important role during this time of a
childs life. hrough social interactions, children begin to develop a
sense of pride in their accomplishments and abilities.

%hildren who are encouraged and commended by parents and teachers


develop a feeling of competence and belief in their skills. hose who
receive little or no encouragement from parents, teachers, or peers will
doubt their ability to be successful.

According to Erikson, this stage is vital in the development of self*


confidence. .uring school and other social activities, children receive
praise and attention for performing various tasks such as reading,
writing, drawing and solving problems. %hildren need to cope with new
social and academic demands. /uccess leads to a sense of competence,
while failure results in feelings of inferiority.
Ego-identity
vs.
Role Confusion

.uring adolescence, children explore their


independence and develop a sense of self.

hose who receive proper encouragement and


reinforcement through personal exploration will
emerge from this stage with a strong sense of
self and a feeling of independence and control.
hose who remain unsure of their beliefs and
desires will feel insecure and confused about
themselves and the future.
Intimay
vs.
Isolation

his stage takes place during young adulthood between the


ages of approximately (0 and 12. .uring this period of time,
the ma&or conflict centres on forming intimate, loving
relationships with other people.

/tudies have demonstrated that those with a poor sense of self


tend to have less committed relationships and are more likely
to suffer emotional isolation, loneliness, and depression.

Erikson believed it was vital that people develop close,


committed relationships with other people. /uccess leads to
strong relationships, while failure results in loneliness and
isolation.
Generativity
vs.
Stagnation

.uring adulthood, we continue to build our


lives, focusing on our career and family.

hose who are successful during this phase


will feel that they are contributing to the
world by being active in their home and
community. hose who fail to attain this skill
will feel unproductive and uninvolved in the
world.
Integrity
vs.
Des!air

his stage occurs during late adulthood from age 34 through the end of
life. .uring this period of time, people reflect back on the life they have
lived and come away with either a sense of fulfilment from a life well lived
or a sense of regret and despair over a life misspent.

hose who feel proud of their accomplishments will feel a sense of


integrity. /uccessfully completing this phase means looking back with few
regrets and a general feeling of satisfaction. hese individuals will attain
wisdom, even when confronting death. hose who feel proud of their
accomplishments will feel a sense of integrity. /uccessfully completing this
phase means looking back with few regrets and a general feeling of
satisfaction. hese individuals will attain wisdom, even when confronting
death.

hose who are unsuccessful during this phase will feel that their life has
been wasted and will experience many regrets. he individual will be left
with feelings of bitterness and despair.

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