APPLICATION OF BERNOULLI

Diffuser
Sudden expansion
FLOWMETER
BERNOULLI EQ
|
.
|

\
|
A

= + + A
dm
dQ
u
dm
dW V
gz
P
other
) (
2
2

Steady

F
dm
dW V
gz
P
other

= + + A ) (
2
2

in in
sys
dm
V
gz
P
u
V
gz u m d ) ( ) (
2 2
2 2
+ + + =
(

+ +

other out out

dW dQ dm
V
gz
P
u + + + + ) (
2
2

BERNOULLI EQUATION
F
dm
dW V
gz
P
other

= + + A ) (
2
2

g
F
gdm
dW
g
V
z
g
P
other

= + + A ) (
2
2

HEAD FORM OF BERNOULLI EQUATION

DIFFUSER
A diffuser is a device that increases the pressure of a fluid by slowing it down.
The cross-sectional area of a diffusers increases in the flow direction.
F
A
A V
P P
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
2
1
1
2
1
1 2
1
2
F
dm
dW V
gz
P
other

= + + A ) (
2
2

V
1
,P
1
,A
1
V
2
,P
2
,A
2
z
1
-z
2
1
2
SUDDEN EXPANSIONS
Cara untuk untuk memperlambat kecepatan aliran
F
V
P P =
2
2
1
1 2
F
dm
dW V
gz
P
other

= + + A ) (
2
2

1 2
P
1
,V
1
P
2
,V
2
=0
z
1
-z
2
FLOWMETER
Types of Fluid Flow
Meters

-Orifices,
-Venturies,
-Nozzles,
-Pitot Tubes,

-Rotameters,

-Calorimetrics,
-Turbine,
-Vortex,
-Electromagnetic,
-Doppler,
-Ultrasonic,
-Thermal,
-Coriolis


In-line Turbine Meter
Operating Principle

Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction is the underlying principle of operation for magnetic flow
meters.
E = constant x B x L x V

Whe
re;
E = The voltage generated in a conductor
V = The velocity of the moving conductor
B = The strength of the magnetic field
L = The length of the conductor path (The
distance between probes)
Magnetic Flow Meters
BERNOULLI
FOR FLUID FLOW MEASUREMENT
Flowmeter : Pitot tube, Venturimeter, Orificemeter, Rotameter
PITOT TUBE
PITOT TUBE
F
V P P
=

2
2
1 1 2

) (
( )
2 1 2
h h g P P
atm
+ + =
2 1
gh P P
atm
+ =
( )
2 1
1 1
2 2 F gh V + =
( )
2 1
1 1
2gh V =
1
2
h
1
h
2
F
dm
dW V
gz
P
other

= + + A ) (
2
2

The basic pitot tube consists of
a tube pointing directly into the
fluid flow
the moving fluid is brought to rest (stagnates) as
there is no outlet to allow flow to continue
PITOT TUBE
PITOT TUBE
Aircraft use pitot tubes to measure airspeed.
Stagnation pressure = static pressure + dynamic pressure


V = fluid velocity;
Pt = stagnation or total pressure;
ps = static pressure; and
= fluid density.

PITOT TUBE
venturi flowmeters use the
Bernoulli Equation to calculate the
fluid flow rate using pressure
difference through obstructions
in the flow

VENTURI FLOWMETER
VENTURI FLOWMETER
VENTURI FLOWMETER
VENTURI FLOWMETER
The classical Venturi tube is used to determine flowrate through a pipe.
D
d
Flow
PRINCIPLE of VENTURI FLOWMETER
F
dm
dW V
gz
P
other

= + + A ) (
2
2

b
P
V
1
,P
1
V
2
,P
2
1
2
Manometer
1
2
1 2
( )
( )
a b
a f
b f
f
P P
P P gx
P P g x h gh
P P gh

=
= +
= + +
=
2 1
2
1
2
2
1 2
2
1
2
(

=
A A
P P
V
) (
( )
( )
2 1
2
1
2
2
2 1
2
1
2
(

=
A A
P P
C V
v

h
( )
( )
1 2
2
2 2
2 1
2
1
f
v
gh
V C
A A

( =

(

Discharge Coeff
DISCHARGE COEFF
ORIFICEMETER
ORIFICEMETER
An orifice plate is a thin plate with a hole in the middle.
It is usually placed in a pipe in which fluid flows.
When the fluid reaches the orifice plate, the fluid is forced to converge to go through the small hole;
the point of maximum convergence actually occurs shortly downstream of the physical orifice, at
the so-called vena contracta point.
Beyond the vena contracta, the fluid expands and the velocity and pressure change once again. By
measuring the difference in fluid pressure between the normal pipe section and at the vena
contracta, the volumetric flow rates can be obtained from Bernoulli's equation.
ORIFICE PLATE IS EASY TO REPLACE
PRINCIPLES OF ORIFICEMETER
( )
( )
1 2
2
2 2
2 1
2
1
f
o
gh
V C
A A

( =

(

Discharge coefficient of Orifice Flowmeter

Q= C
d
A
2
2( p
1
p
2
)
(1|
2
)




(

(
(
1/ 2
Reynolds number based on orifice diameter Re
d

0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
10
2
10
5
10
6
10
7

Re
C
d

10
3
10
4

Example
A Venturimeter with an entrance diameter of 0.3m and
a throat diameter of 0.2m is used to measure the
volume of gas flowing through a pipe.
The discharge coefficient of the meter is 0.96.
Assuming the specific weight of the gas to be constant
at 19.62 N/m3.
Calculate the volume flowing when the pressure
difference between the entrance and the throat is
measured as 0.06m on a water U-tube manometer.
[0.816 m3/s]
Specific gravity =.g
=kg/m3.m/s2
For the manometer:
For the Venturimeter
A Venturimeter is used for measuring flow of water
along a pipe. The diameter of the Venturi throat is two
fifths the diameter of the pipe. The inlet and throat are
connected by water filled tubes to a mercury U-tube
manometer. The velocity of flow along the pipe is found
to be m/s,

where H is the manometer reading in metres of
mercury. Determine the loss of head between inlet and
throat of the Venturi when H is 0.49m. (Relative density
of mercury is 13.6).
[0.23m of water]
For the manometer:
For the Venturimeter
Combining (1) and (2)
A Venturimeter is to fitted in a horizontal pipe of 0.15m
diameter to measure a flow of water which may be anything
up to 240m
3
/hour.
The pressure head at the inlet for this flow is 18m above
atmospheric and the pressure head at the throat must not
be lower than 7m below atmospheric.
Between the inlet and the throat there is an estimated
frictional loss of 10% of the difference in pressure head
between these points.
Calculate the minimum allowable diameter for the throat.
[0.063m
Friction loss, from the question:
A Venturimeter of throat diameter 0.076m is fitted in a
0.152m diameter vertical pipe in which liquid of relative
density 0.8 flows downwards.
Pressure gauges are fitted to the inlet and to the throat
sections.
The throat being 0.914m below the inlet.
Taking the coefficient of the meter as 0.97
find the discharge
a) when the pressure gauges read the same
b) when the inlet gauge reads 15170 N/m2 higher than the
throat gauge.
[0.0192m3/s, 0.034m3/s]


b)
WEIR FLOWMETER
Rectangular Weir
Derive an expression for the discharge over a sharp crested
rectangular weir. A sharp edged weir is to be constructed across
a stream in which the normal flow is 200 litres/sec. If the
maximum flow likely to occur in the stream is 5 times the normal
flow then determine the length of weir necessary to limit the rise
in water level to 38.4cm above that for normal flow. Cd=0.61.
[1.24m]
From your notes you can derive:

From the question:
Q
1
= 0.2 m
3
/s, h
1
= x
Q
2
= 1.0 m
3
/s, h
2
= x + 0.384
where x is the height above the weir at normal flow.
So we have two situations:

From (1) we get an expression for b in terms of x

Substituting this in (2) gives,

So the weir breadth is

ROTAMETER
ROTAMETER
The rotameter is a variable area meter which consists of a
vertical, tapered, transparent tube containing a float.
as the fluid flow increases, the float moves upward, to
increase the area of the annulus between the outer
diameter of the float and the inner wall of the tube.

The float will continue to move upward until a pressure
drop across the float is reached. This pressure drop across
the float is constant regardless of the flow rate.

Graduations are etched on the side of the tube so that an
instantaneous reading may be observed
ROTAMETER
boyancy drag weight
F F F + =
c
fluid
float
c
float
c
float float
g
V
g
v
CA
g
g
V

+ =
2
2
2
1
) ( 2
(
(

=
fluid foat float
fluid float f
A C
g V
v

2
1
) ( 2
(
(

=
fluid float
fluid float float
CA
g V
v

Af = cross sectional area of the float
C = drag coefficient
g = local acceleration due to gravity
gc = dimensional constan
Only one possible value that keep the float steadily suspended.
Flow rate is always the same
The float must move to the elevation in the tapered tube where the
flowrate is v


PRINCIPLES OF ROTAMETER
Base on Newton Law

1
2
3
2
Solid ball with
diameter D
0
Density
B
Fluid with density
F

z=0
Transparent tapered
tube with diameter
D
0
+Bz
PRINCIPLES OF ROTAMETER
bottom pressure boyancy top pressure gravity
F F F F

+ = 0
2
0 1
3
0
2
0 3
3
0
6 6
0 D P g D D P g D
f b
t
t
t
t
+ + =
1
2
3
2
Solid ball with
diameter D
0
Density
B
Fluid with density
F

z=0
Tansparent tapered tube
with diameter D
0
+Bz
ROTAMETER
bottom presure boyancy top pressure gravity
F F F F

+ = 0
2
0 1
3
0
2
0 3
3
0
6 6
0 D P g D D P g D
f b
t
t
t
t
+ + =
1
2
3
2
Solid ball D
0
Density
B

F

z=0
D
0
+Bz
ROTAMETER
F
dm
dW V
gz
P
other

= + + A ) (
2
2

2 2 2 2
2 1 2 2
1 2
2
1
( ) (1 )
2 2 2
f f
V V V A
P P
A
= =
2
1
0
2
3
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
f
f b
g D
V

z B D D .
0
+ =
( )
2
0
2
0 2
.
4
D z B D A + =
t
2
0 1
3
0
2
0 3
3
0
6 6
0 D P g D D P g D
f b
t
t
t
t
+ + =
3 2
0 0 1 3
( ) ( )
6
b f
D g D P P
t
t =
0
1 2
( ) ( )
6
b f
D
g P P =
3 2
jika P P ~
2
2
2
1
0
A
jika
A
~
2
2
1 2
2
f
V
P P =
Only one possible value that keep the
ball steadily suspended
1
2
3
2
Solid ball D
0
Density
B

F

z=0
D
0
+Bz
ROTAMETER
2 2 2
Q V A =
2
1
0
2
3
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
f
f b
g D
V

z B D D .
0
+ =
( )
2
0
2
0 2
.
4
D z B D A + =
t
For any rate the ball must move to that
elevation in the tapered tube where
( )
2
2
[ 2 ( . ]
4
A Bz B z
t
= +
( )
2
2
A Bz
t
=
2 2
2
Q V Bz
t
=
( )
2
. 0 B z ~
The height z at which the ball stands, is linearly proportional to
the volumetric flowrate Q
F
dm
dW V
gz
P
other

= + + A ) (
2
2

Density tetap
apakah bernoulli bisa untuk gas?
BERNOULLI FOR THE GAS
BERNOULLI UNTUK GAS
F
dm
dW V
gz
P
other

= + + A ) (
2
2

M
RT
v P
1
1 1
=
1
V
R
,P
R
P
1
,V
1
2 1
1
) (
2
(

atm R
P P
V
2 1
1
1
1
) (
2
(

=
atm R
P P
M P
RT
V
--------------------
P
1
-P
atm
V (ft/s)
Psia (Eq.5.17)
--------------------------
0.001 35
0.1 111
0.3 191
0.6 267
1.0 340
2.0 467
5.0 679
) 1 (
) 1 (
2
2
1 1
2
1

=
T
T
k RkT
MV
R
(Eq.5.17)
( ) 1
1 1

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
k k
R R
T
T
P
P
P
atmosfir
M P
RT
v
1
1
1
1
1
= =

Eq.in Chap.8
-------------
V(ft/s)
(Eq.in Chap.8)
---------
35
111
191
269
344
477
714
incompressible flow through an orifice
compressible flow through an orifice
Y is 1.0 for incompressible fluids and it can be calculated for compressible gases.[2]
Y = Expansion factor, dimensionless
r = P
2
/ P
1

k = specific heat ratio (c
p
/ c
v
), dimensionless
compressible flow through an orifice
For values of less than 0.25, 4 approaches 0 and the last bracketed term in the above
equation approaches 1. Thus, for the large majority of orifice plate installations:
Y = Expansion factor, dimensionless
r = P
2
/ P
1

k = specific heat ratio (c
p
/ c
v
), dimensionless
compressible flow through an orifice
compressible flow through an orifice
k = specific heat ratio (c
p
/ c
v
), dimensionless
= mass flow rate at any section, kg/s
C = orifice flow coefficient, dimensionless
A
2

= cross-sectional area of the orifice hole, m

1
= upstream real gas density, kg/m
P
1
= upstream gas pressure, Pa with dimensions of kg/(m s)
P
2
= downstream pressure in the orifice hole, Pa with dimensions of kg/(m s)
M = the gas molecular mass, kg/kmol (also known as the molecular weight)
R = the Universal Gas Law Constant = 8.3145 J/(mol K)
T
1
= absolute upstream gas temperature, K
Z = the gas compressibility factor at P
1
and T
1
, dimensionless