LANGUAGE ENRICHMENT

Each word plays a role in the sentence. One same word

can have more than one meaning. Look at the examples
below:
One word might be a noun at one time and a verb the
next.
E.g. anchor
1. We dropped the anchor near theMalaysian coast.
(noun)
The role/function of the word anchor in Sentence 1 is to
serve as a heavy object used to stop the movement of a
vessel.

2. We anchor off the Malaysian coast. (verb)
The role/function of the word anchor in Sentence 2 is to
show the action of preventing a vessel from moving by
dropping its anchor into the water.

When a word is modified, the role/function of the
word is changed too. Look at the examples below:
One word might be a noun at one time and an
adjective the next.
E.g. beauty
1. All the boys in my class admire her beauty.
(noun)
The role/function of the word beauty in Sentence
1 is to show the quality of being beautiful or very
good to look at.

2. All the boys in my class admire Fatimah
because she is beautiful. (adjective)
The role/function of the word beautiful in
Sentence 1 is to describe Fatimah as a good
looking being.



NOUN
VERB
PREPOSITION
PRONOUN
ADVERB
ADJECTIVE
INTERJECTION
CONJUNCTION
ARTICLE
NOUN
A noun is the name of a person, place,
thing or idea.
Person: Ashraf likes to eat cookies.
Beyonce is a great performer!

Place: Taiping is an old town.
MIMET is a university filled with
smart students.

Thing: To cook you need a couple of pots.

Idea: Honesty is a great value to possess.

2 BASIC TYPES OF NOUN:
COMMON NOUNS: Used
to name a person, animal,
place, thing or abstract
concept.
SUBDIVIDED INTO:
CONCRETE NOUNS: Used
to describe things that can
be recognized by at least
one of the senses.
ABSTARCT NOUNS: which
describe something
outside of the physical (ex:
joy/fear/happiness/love)

PROPER NOUNS: used to
name a specific person,
animal, place, or thing
(and usually identifiable
by the presence of capital
letters)
Examples:
Incubus
Lady Gaga
Mount Everest
Pavilion
California
Darlie
Kleenex

Lets try! Spot the different types of
noun: concrete/abstract/proper
1. She is a pleasure to work with.
2. The Queen was on an official trip.
3. He was attacked by a squid!
4. I want to play football for Barcelona.
5. The mourners were full of grief.
COUNTABLE NOUNS
Nouns that we can count. Duh!!!
One student is absent from
class today.
That beautiful lady is my
mother.
He goes to the library every
week.
Dalila lives in an apartment.
These books are expensive
Fayshal arranged all the
books on the shelves.
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Nouns that we cannot count.
Duhhh!!
Her hair is very long.
We must drink water
everyday.
There is a lot of information
on the Internet.
Money can buy love.
The more you read, the
more knowledge you get.
We ought to take less sugar
in our drinks if we want to
stay healthy.
SINGULAR PLURAL
when a noun refer to one thing, place,
person or animal, it is singular.
When it refers to more than one, it
is plural.
REGULAR NOUNS
Usually add s, -es, or ies to form the plural
RULES
1. Add s to most countable nouns
2. Add es to nouns ending in sh, ch, s, ss and x
3. Add s to most nouns ending with an o
4. Add es to other nouns ending with an o
5. Some words can take both s and es

6. If the word has a consonant before the final 'y' then the plural ends
with 'ies':
7. If the word has a vowel before the final y then you just add an 's':


8. If a noun ends with fe and f , change the ending to ves. The
exceptions are roofs, chiefs, beliefs.
PLURAL SINGULAR
Box
Class
Mango
Volcano
City / Baby
Days / Surveys
Boxes
Classes
Memos
Photos
Tomatoes
Potatoes
Mangos/ mangoes
Volcanos/
volcanoes
Cities / Babies
Days / Surveys
Wives
Knives
Wife
Knife
Memo
Photo
Tomato
Potato
Boys
cakes
Boy
Cake
IRREGULAR NOUNS:
Do not have fixed pattern when changing to the plural
SINGULAR PLURAL
women
woman
children
child
teeth
tooth
mice
mouse
* Some nouns are always plural: news /goods/ spectacles / shorts / trousers /
scissors

COLLECTIVE NOUNS
GROUP OF
PEOPLE
Examples:
A crowd of people
A class of students
A band of
musicians
A team of players
A bevy of ladies
GROUP OF
ANIMALS
Examples:
A flock of birds
A cloud of bats
A pride of lions
A swarm of bees
A parliament of
owls



GROUP OF
THINGS
Examples:
A flight of stairs
A troop of
mushrooms
A bouquet of
flowers
A pinch of salt
A glass of water




POSSESSIVE NOUNS
are used to show possession (owning or having)



Singular
The sky's color is changing
A sincere persons compliment is a
valuable gift.
I didnt know I was eating your cats
tuna.
The bus's engine stopped.



Plural
The little babies nursery had five
beds.
My sisters' names are Kourtney and
Khloe.
We saw the children's snowman.
The busses' engine stopped.

PRONOUN
Words that is used in place of a noun, in
order to avoid repetition.
Subject
Pronouns
I, you, we, they, he, she, it

Example:
The children played a game.
They played a game.

The cat is sleeping.
It is sleeping.
Object
Pronouns
me, you, us, them, him, her, it

Example:
I met my friends at Pavilion.
I met them at Pavillion.

The boy returned the book to
the library.
The boy returned it to the
library.
Possessive
Adjectives
my, your, our, their, his, her, its

Example
That laptop belongs to me.
That is my laptop.

Miss Fatin teaches the students
writing.
Miss Fatin teaches her students
writing.

Possessive
Pronouns

mine, yours, ours, theirs, his,
hers, its

Example
I like that car. That car is mine.
She bought those books. Those
books are hers.
These magazines are ours but
those newspapers are theirs.

Reflexive Pronouns
Singular subject - myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself
Plural subject - yourselves, ourselves, themselves

Example:
I asked myself the same question
You should go there yourself.
The cat scratched itself against the wall
We did the assignment ourselves.
All of you should find the answer yourselves.

Relative Pronouns

Who (people)

The man is my grandfather. He
took me home.
The man, who is my
grandfather, took me
home.
The girl is wearing s mini skirt.
She is my sister.
The girl who is wearing a
mini skirt is my sister.
Whom (people)

Whom is this story about? ->
This story is about him.
With whom are you going? -> I
am going with them.
This is the man whom I told
you about. (This is him .)
Whom is always the correct
choice after a preposition.
You have a child by whom? ->
I have a child by him!
This is the lady to whom I
made the promise! -> I made
the promise to her.

ContinueRelative Pronouns
Which/that (things or animals)

The book which/that I read
was interesting.
Adam enjoyed the concert
which/that she attended.


Whose (To show possession. Refers
to people and followed by a noun.)

The children, whose parents
died, lived with their
grandparents.
The doctor examined the
patient whose arm was
fractured in the accident.
The family, whose house
burned down, moved to
another town.

VERBS
Used to express an action or state of being
Action verb
Definition:
An action
verb tells
us what a
person or
animal
does.
Examples:
-> Farrell sent an email to his father last
night.
->The boy drinks chocolate milk every day.
->The old woman scolded the shopkeeper.
->The pilot landed the airplane safely.
->Aira bought the new Subaru BRZ.

Non-action verb

Be verb
am, is, are, was, were
I am your lecturer this
semester.
I was not your lecturer last
semester.
Adam is a very handsome
young man.
Fayyadh and Fayshal are
siblings.
He was not a handsome
man last year.
The students were absent
yesterday.
Linking verb
Example: taste, seem,
look, appear, etc.
The food tastes salty.
The lecturer seemed angry
with her students as they
had not completed their
homework.
Fazura looks pale as she
has a fever.
They appear on television
every Sunday.
Milk turns sour if it is not
refrigerated.
I believe that she is telling
the truth.
Regular Verb:
verbs that end with d, ed, or ied in the
simple past tense and in the past participle
form.
She decided to go home.
Brad Pitt arrived in Malaysia
last night.
Maria helped her sister last
night.
The students studied hard for
the examination.
Cough coughed
Live lived
Dance danced
Ignore ignored
Jog jogged
Study studied
Worry worried

Irregular Verb:
verbs that have different forms in the simple
past tense and in the past participle form.
She bought a birthday cake
yesterday.
She has bought a beautiful
dress.

They ate all the food at the party
last night.
She has eaten her lunch.

The students did their
homework last night.
The students have done their
homework.

She wrote a letter to her family
last month.
She has written two essays so
far.

She accidently cut her finger
yesterday.
I read an interesting book last
night.
Auxiliary verb
Can/ could
May / might
Will / shall / would
Should / ought to
Must / have to

Negative forms
Cannot/cant
Could not / couldnt
May not / might not
Will not / wont
Shall not / shant
Should not / shouldnt
Ought not to
Must not
(do/does/did) not have to/
(dont/doesnt/didnt) have to
Zafran can speak many
languages.
She could sing well when she
was young.
I might buy a new car.
The class will end at 5pm.
I shall sleep now.
You should go for exercise more
often.
You ought to go and see a
doctor.
You have to come to class or
you will fail this subject.
Everyone must answer that
question.

ADJECTIVES
words that describe noun or pronoun. They identify what kind,
which one, how many and how much.
Please give me some cold water.
The white car belongs to my brother.
The students are hardworking.
I have a beautiful house.
The weather is warm outside.
The movie was dull and boring.
I have a wife. (be careful A wife is enough for me! -> A in this
sentence is an article NOT an adjective.)
The pavlova is delicious!

Big fast long short
Black funny loud slow
Boring handsome old young
Careful interesting quiet ugly
Careless late right terrible
Early little sad wrong
ADVERB
word which modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb.
Most adverbs end with ly & an adverb answers the question
how, when, where, how often, or to what extent.
He wrote the report correctly. (how)
He wrote the report yesterday. (when)
He wrote the report here. (where)
He wrote the report twice. (how often)
He wrote the report very quickly. (to what extent)

Careful!
Lee is a fast talker. (adjective)
Lee talks fast. (adverb)

She is late. (adjective).
The students come late. (adverb)
Lets look at how adverbs can modify verbs,
adjectives, and other adverbs
Verbs
Justin walked
slowly.
The boys drove
home.
Hannah laughed
loudly.
Carmen writes
carelessly.
Adjectives
It is an
extremely
strange idea.
I have a very bad
toothache.
It was rather a
stupid behavior.
He was partially
dressed.
Adverbs
She ran very
fast.
He sang too
quietly.
I sighed rather
sadly.
He smiled quite
cheerfully.
ARTICLES
articles are placed before nouns and before adjectives describing
the nouns.
Indefinite articles:
used before singular and countable
nouns
She bought a piece of dress
yesterday.
I have an aunt live in
Indonesia.
She studied for an hour last
night.
The lady is married to a
European.
That was an unusual story.


Definite articles:
Used before both singular and plural
countable nouns as well as uncountable
nouns
I saw a cat. The cat belongs to
my brother.
She is driving the car her
father bought her.
The shortest man in the world
lives in Europe.
I borrowed a book from Adeeb.
The book is very interesting.

Here is a list of commonly used prepositions:
across
after
among
at
before
between
by
during
for
over
round
since
through
to
under
until
up
with
from
in
into
like
near
off
on
out
opposite

PREPOSITIONS
word that shows the relationship between people, things,
actions or places.
Preposition to show time
At


In

On


For

During

Ill see you at 8.15 a.m.
Do not go out at night. It is not safe.
She will meet me at noon.

I was born in 1988.
I drive to work in the morning.
It is hot in summer.

Im always sleepy on Monday mornings.
The meeting is on May 2
nd
.
It is good to have an ice cream on a hot day.

I have been waiting for three hours.
My husband will be away for a year.

Students are very busy during the semester.
I got a headache during the examination.
Preposition to show place
In



At


On


Under
Beside
Between
Above
By
Against
I left my bag in the car.
Theres no one in the classroom.
I live in Malaysia.

My nieces are waiting for me at the airport.
Turn left at the next corner.

The sweater looks good on you!
My office is on the first floor.

Please put you feet under the table.
Can I sit beside you?
Adam is sleeping between Fariq and Fikri.
My office is above the accountants room.
Come and sit by me.
Im leaning against the wall.



Preposition to show direction/movement
to


From


Into


Across

Along


Out
I always come to class early.
Welcome to our country! (Not welcome in our country!)

She just came from her room.
Messi is from Argentina.

Pour the milk into the cup.
I saw a cat jumped into the water.

The old man lives across the river.

Brad Pitt and Fariesha like to walk along the
beach in the evening.

Take out a piece of paper.



Preposition: general
About


By


For


With
Please tell us about your fascinating trip to
Paris.

I go to work by bus.
This book is written by Jackie Collins.

Lets go for a coffee.
I bought this car for you.

My handsome nephew will stay with me for a
year.
The wife hit the husband with a sledge
hammer.


CONJUNCTION
word which joins two words, phrase, clauses or sentences.
Coordinate
conjunctions
For, and, nor, but, or,
yet, so
The teacher and the
principal spoke.
Fariq is studying
computer science for
he plans to be a
system analyst.
Zafran wanted to buy a
MacBook Pro but he
does not have enough
money.
Zikri loves to travel,
yet he has not visited
Johor.
Correlative
conjunctions
Both Khaleisha and
Fariesha applied for
the English lecturer
position.
Neither Khaleisha nor
Fariesha applied for
the English lecturer
position.
Not only Khaleisha
but Fariesha also
applied for the English
lecturer position.
Either you work hard
or you leave.
Subordinate
conjunctions
Although he was tired,
he continued to run.
If you dont do you
assignment, you are
going to fail this
subject.
I dont know where
Zayan lives.
Qaseh called while you
were out.
I didnt buy the
handbag because it
was too expensive.
INTERJECTION
word that expresses any sudden feelings. It is often followed by
an exclamation mark (!). They have no grammatical relation to
the rest of the sentence.
Wait! I am not finished.
Great, I would love to go to the beach.
Whew, that was close.
Thanks, I needed that.
Careful, the tiger is hungry!
Ouch, that hurts!
Wow, that was easy!