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The document discusses several theories of motivation and emotion. It describes Freud's psychoanalytic theory, which proposes that unconscious drives and early childhood experiences influence personality development. The document also outlines physiological, neurological, and cognitive theories of emotion, such as the James-Lange theory that emotions arise from physiological responses to stimuli. Additionally, it discusses aggression, sexuality, and theories of personality including psychoanalysis, developmental approaches, and humanistic psychology.
Originalbeschreibung:
Talks about the different types of Motivation as defined by the field of psychology.
The document discusses several theories of motivation and emotion. It describes Freud's psychoanalytic theory, which proposes that unconscious drives and early childhood experiences influence personality development. The document also outlines physiological, neurological, and cognitive theories of emotion, such as the James-Lange theory that emotions arise from physiological responses to stimuli. Additionally, it discusses aggression, sexuality, and theories of personality including psychoanalysis, developmental approaches, and humanistic psychology.
The document discusses several theories of motivation and emotion. It describes Freud's psychoanalytic theory, which proposes that unconscious drives and early childhood experiences influence personality development. The document also outlines physiological, neurological, and cognitive theories of emotion, such as the James-Lange theory that emotions arise from physiological responses to stimuli. Additionally, it discusses aggression, sexuality, and theories of personality including psychoanalysis, developmental approaches, and humanistic psychology.
MOTIVATION Primary or Biological Needs, Psychological Needs, Sexual Motivation and Sexuality Motivation Is the need or desire to do something It keeps us moving Theories of Motivation 1. Evolutionary Perspective focuses on our instincts 2. Drivereduction maintain a balance between stimulation and relaxation 3. Optimal Arousal avoid both boredom and stress 4. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Evolutionary Perspective Focuses more on our instincts
Instincts innate drive to act a certain way - complex unlearned behavior that have a fixed pattern throughout a specie (genetically) Drive-Reduction Focuses on our Psychological Need or drive that simply compels us to reduce that need. Maintains Homoeostasis or our psychological need
Incentives positive or negative stimuli that either entice us or repel us Optimal Arousal 3 big motivators 1.Sex influenced by our sex hormones and influences 2.Hunger our basic needs Ghrelin the one that indicates us if we are hungry or not 3.Need to belong helps us to survive / social life Ancel Keys Minnesota Hunger Experiment The experiment includes 30 young healthy men, which in Phase 1, in three months they have normal calorie intake, in Phase 2, in six months they have calorie intake and in Phase 3, in three months theyre back to normal calorie intake. Which in the phases, they are required to eat vegetable, bread, pasta and they are required to walk 32 miles plus work and education 40 hours a week. They have a Goal to have 25% drop in body weight during starvation. The result of the experiment is the men grew more obsessed with foods, they have isolated themselves with each other, and they had the motivation to eat a lot after the experiment. Social Needs to have balanced with: Our Autonomy
Sense of Personal Control
Both Connected and Independent Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Sexual Motivation is one of the most important aspects of humanity Founded by Alfred Kinsey in the USA Surveyed thousand of people of their sexual behaviors Studied the number of people masturbating and having pre-marital sex attempted to use the scientific method to study sex and He showed us that our perceptions about what others are doing are a whole lot different than our reality.
Sexual Response Cycle
Physiological breakdown of sexual act
Founded by William Masters and Virginia Johnson Psychological Factors In Sexual Motivation Human sexual desire is not strictly motivated by hormones sexual motivation is controlled to a great extent by psychological rather than biological sources. Sexual desire can be present even when the capacity to have sex is lost. Accident victims who lose the ability to have sex still have sexual desires.
Sexuality Human sexuality is driven by genetics and mental activity. Normative characteristics, as well as social, cultural, educational, and environmental characteristics of an individual also moderate the sexual drive. Central source of Human Personality Focuses on psychological influences that affect sexual behavior and experiences
EMOTIONS Theories of Emotion, Aggression, Emotional and Motivational Aspects Emotion "An emotion is a complex psychological state that involves three distinct components: a subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioralor expressive response. The Subjective Experience Events or situations that happens in our lives.
example: -everyday living -winning a gold medal in a competition -getting married The Physiological Response Physiological or physical reactions
example: -sweating palms -racing heartbeat -rapid breathing The Behavioral Response Expression of emotions overall body language
example: -smiling -frowning Emotions Vs. Moods Emotions -short lived but intense -have definite and identifiable cause
example: when you argue with your friend over a topic you would most likely to feel angry with him/her for a while. Emotions Vs. Moods Moods -milder than emotion, usually long lasting -have no definite and identifiable cause
example: You might feel gloomy for several days without any clear and identifiable reasons. Aggression Aggression -range of behaviors that can lead to both physical and psychological harm to oneself, others and environment.
Forms of Aggression Physical Aggression -aggressive actions involving physical contact
examples: -hitting -pushing
Forms of Aggression Verbal Aggression -negative defining statement told to someone -negative way of communication
examples: -threats -teasing -criticism
Forms of Aggression Mental Aggression -initiating hostilities or invasion
example: -launching attacks
Forms of Aggression Emotional Aggression -triggers, amplifies and moderates aggression
Purposes of Aggression to express anger or hostility to assert dominance to intimidate or threaten to achieve a goal to express possession response to fear reaction to pain compete with others Theories of Emotion The major theories of motivation can be grouped into three main categories: physiological, neuro Physiological theories suggest that responses within the body are responsible for emotions. Neurological theories propose that activity within the brain leads to emotional responses. Finally, cognitive theories argue that thoughts and other mental activity play an essential role in the formation of emotions.
The James-Lange Theory of Emotion The James-Lange theory is one of the best-known examples of a physiological theory of emotion. Independently proposed by psychologist William James and physiologist Carl Lange, the James-Lange theory of emotion suggests that emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events.
According to this theory, you see an external stimulus that leads to a physiological reaction. Your emotional reaction is dependent upon how you interpret those physical reactions. For example, suppose you are walking in the woods and you see a grizzly bear. You begin to tremble and your heart begins to race. The James-Lange theory proposes that you will interpret your physical reactions and conclude that you are frightened ("I am trembling, therefore I am afraid").
The Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion Another well-know physiological theory is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion. This theory states that we feel emotions and experience physiological reactions such as sweating, trembling and muscle tension simultaneously. More specifically, it is suggested that emotions result when the thalamus sends a message to the brain in response to a stimulus, resulting in a physiological reaction. Schachter-Singer Theory Also known as the two-factor theory of emotion, the Schachter-Singer Theory is an example of a cognitive theory of emotion. This theory suggests that the physiological arousal occurs first, and then the individual must identify the reason behind this arousal in order to experience and label it as an emotion.
PERSONALITY Psychoanalysis, Developmental, Humanistic Psychoanalysis is a set of psychological and psychotherapeutic theories and associated techniques, originally popularized by Austrian physician Sigmund Freud and stemming partly from the clinical work of Josef Breuer and others. Since then, psychoanalysis has expanded and been revised, reformed and developed in different directions. This was initially by Freud's colleagues and students, such as Alfred Adler and Carl Gustav Jung who went on to develop their own ideas independently from Freud. Later neo- Freudians included Erich Fromm, Karen Horney, Sullivan and Jacques Lacan.
Basic Tenets besides the inherited constitution of personality, a person's development is determined by events in early childhood; human attitude, mannerism, experience, and thought is largely influenced by irrational drives; irrational drives are unconscious; attempts to bring these drives into awareness meet psychological resistance in the form of defense mechanisms; conflicts between conscious and unconscious, or repressed, material can materialise in the form of mental or emotional disturbances, for example: neurosis, neurotic traits, anxiety, depression etc.; the liberation from the effects of the unconscious material is achieved through bringing this material into the conscious mind (via e.g. skilled guidance, i.e. therapeutic intervention). History By 1900, Freud had theorised that dreams had symbolic significance, and generally were specific to the dreamer. Freud formulated his second psychological theory which hypothesises that the unconscious has or is a "primary process" consisting of symbolic and condensed thoughts, and a "secondary process" of logical, conscious thoughts. This theory was published in his 1900 book, The Interpretation of Dreams. Chapter VII was a re-working of the earlier "Project" and Freud outlined his "Topographic Theory." In this theory, which was mostly later supplanted by the Structural Theory, unacceptable sexual wishes were repressed into the "System Unconscious," unconscious due to society's condemnation of premarital sexual activity, and this repression created anxiety.
Self psychology Self psychology emphasizes the development of a stable and integrated sense of self through empathic contacts with other humans, primary significant others conceived of as "selfobjects." Selfobjects meet the developing self's needs for mirroring, idealization, and twinship, and thereby strengthen the developing self. The process of treatment proceeds through "transmuting internalizations" in which the patient gradually internalizes the selfobject functions provided by the therapist. Self psychology was proposed originally by Heinz Kohut, and has been further developed by Arnold Goldberg, Frank Lachmann, Paul and Anna Ornstein, Marian Tolpin, and others.
Interpersonal psychoanalysis Interpersonal psychoanalysis accents the nuances of interpersonal interactions, particularly how individuals protect themselves from anxiety by establishing collusive interactions with others, and the relevance of actual experiences with other persons developmentally (e.g. family and peers) as well as in the present. This is contrasted with the primacy of intrapsychic forces, as in classical psychoanalysis. Interpersonal theory was first introduced by Harry Stack Sullivan, MD, and developed further by Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, Clara Thompson, Erich Fromm, and others who contributed to the founding of the Institute and Interpersonal Psychoanalysis in general.
Adaptive paradigm of psychoanalysis and psychotherapy The adaptive paradigm of psychotherapy develops out of the work of Robert Langs. The adaptive paradigm interprets psychic conflict primarily in terms of conscious and unconscious adaptation to reality. Langs recent work in some measure returns to the earlier Freud, in that Langs prefers a modified version of the topographic of the mind (conscious, preconscious, and unconscious) over the structural model (id, ego, and super-ego), including the formers emphasis on trauma (though Langs looks to death-related traumas rather than sexual traumas). [34] At the same time, Langs model of the mind differs from Freuds in that it understands the mind in terms of evolutionary biological principles Interpersonal-relational psychoanalysis The term interpersonal-relational psychoanalysis is often used as a professional identification. Psychoanalysts under this broader umbrella debate about what precisely are the differences between the two schools, without any current clear consensus.
Modern psychoanalysis term coined by Hyman Spotnitz and his colleagues to describe a body of theoretical and clinical approaches that aim to extend Freud's theories so as to make them applicable to the full spectrum of emotional disorders and broaden the potential for treatment to pathologies thought to be untreatable by classical methods DEVELOPMENTAL Psychoanalysis, Developmental, Humanistic
History Developmental psychology as a discipline did not exist until after the industrial revolution when the need for an educated workforce led to the social construction of childhood as a distinct stage in a person's life. The notion of childhood originates in the western world and this is why the early research derives from this location. Initially developmental psychologists were interested in studying the mind of the child so that education and learning could be more effective. Developmental changes during adulthood is an even more recent area of study. This is mainly due to advances in medical science enabling people to live to an old age. Charles Darwin is credited with conducting the first systematic study of developmental psychology. In 1877 he published a short paper detailing the development of innate forms of communication based on scientific observations of his infant son, Doddy.
Developmental Psychology is the scientific study of changes that occur in human beings over the course of their life. Originally concerned with infants and children, the field has expanded to include adolescence, adult development, aging, and the entire lifespan. This field examines change across a broad range of topics including motor skills and other psycho- physiological processes; cognitive development involving areas such as problem solving, moral understanding, and conceptual understanding; language acquisition; social, personality, and emotional development; and self- concept and identity formation. Developmental psychology In short..
is a scientific approach which aims to explain how children and adults change over time. Developmental psychology complements several other basic research fields in psychology including social psychology, cognitive psychology, ecological psychology, and comparative psychology. Humanistic Psychology
Humanistic psychology emerged in the mid-1950s Humanistic psychologists try to see peoples lives as those people would see them
Personality and Rogers
Self-actualization fully functioning person open-minded and trusting Childhood experiences chief indicator that we will reach self-actualization
Carl Rogers Person-Centered Theory
Drew from the ideas of Maslow and others. Self-concept most important feature of personality
Criticisms and Strong Points of Humanistic Psychology
Too naively optimistic Cannot be easily tested, observations are unverifiable Biased toward individualistic values
Emphasize the role of individual Takes environmental influences into account Helped remove some of the stigma attached to therapy
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