Equilibrium is a static condition

in which no changes occur in

the macroscopic properties of a
system with time.
A condition where a liquid and its vapor
are in equilibrium with each other.

A condition where the rate of evaporation
is equal to the rate of condensation at a
molecular level such that there is no
overall vapor-liquid inter-conversion.
A measure comparing the vapor pressure
of the components in a liquid mixture of
chemicals.

When the volatilities of both key
components are equal, separation would
be impossible under the given conditions.
A mixture of two or more liquids
or gases whose compositions
cannot be altered and
separated.
Two dimensional graph used to
show the mole fraction of vapor
and liquid concentrations when
boiling at various temperatures
in a Binary Mixture.
At the end of the experiment, the
student should be able to
construct a liquid/vapor
temperature-composition phase
diagram for a binary mixture of
acetic acid and water.










Figure 1. Experimental set-up.
Table 1. Standardization of NaOH.
Vol. KHP Mass KHP Vol. NaOH M NaOH
5 mL 0.2032 g 0.11 mL 0.9055 M
25 mL 0.2315 g 1.12 mL 1.0132 M
25 mL 0.2694 g 1.24 mL 1.06499 M
0.99 M
Mass of acetic acid:
11.53 mL NaOH x
0.99
1000
x
60.05
3

1


= 0.685 g
3


Mass of solution:
2 mL solution x
1.06
1

= 2.12 g solution

Mass of water:
mass
H
2
O
= mass
solution
- mass
acetic acid

=2.12 g solution - 0.685 g CH
3
COOH
=1.435 g H
2
O

Moles of acetic acid:

=

+

=
0.0114 mol
0.0114 mol + 0.0796 mol

=0.125 mol acetic acid

Table 2. Data obtained through experimentation.

Mole Fraction (vapor
phase) acetic acid Temperature (
o
C)
0.687 102.1
0.539 107.2
0.23 103.5
0.105 103.2
0.113 101









Figure 2. Sample diagram of an ideal mixture.










Figure 3. Plot of boiling point temperature vs.
composition of acetic acid.

The mole fraction of component
1 (acetic acid) is plotted at the
bottom and the mole fraction of
component 2 is plotted at the
top of the figure.
98
100
102
104
106
108
110
112
114
116
118
120
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Only one component exists at
x
1
= 0 and x
1
= 1.
At x
1
= 0, x
2
= 1 therefore pure
water exists.
At x
1
= 1, x
2
= 0 therefore pure
acetic acid exists.
Parallax error in which the
readers line of sight is not in line
with the liquid level in the
container.
Overshooting: excess titrant was
added to analyte during titration.
Instrumental error: error due to
inaccuracy of instruments.
Not filling burette properly.
The group was able to construct a boiling
point diagram for the binary mixture of
acetic acid and water that showed vapor-
liquid equilibrium. The diagram was able
to show the existence of azeotropes in
the system. Pure components existed on
both ends of the diagram while both
components existed in between.