MATRIX

A matrix is rectangular array of elements.

Generally, any rectangular array of numbers
surrounded by a pair of brackets is called a matrix.

Each matrix has rows and columns and this defines the
size of the matrix.

If a matrix [A] has m rows n columns, the size of the
matrix is denoted by m x n.
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The matrix [A] may also be denoted by
[A]
m x n
to show that [A] is a matrix with
m row and n column.


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3
ROWS AND COLUMNS

The numbers in a horizontal line are called rows

The numbers in a vertical line are called
columns.

The numbers of rows and columns as defines the
dimension of the matrix(m x n), which is read as
r by c.

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SPECIAL TYPES OF MATRIX

1. VECTOR
A vector is a matrix that has only one row or one
column.

There are two types of vectors.

Row vector OR Row matrix
Column vector OR Column matrix

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ROW VECTOR/ROW MATRIX
A matrix that consists of just one row and any
number of columns is called row matrix OR row
Vector

COLUMN VECTOR/COLUMN MATRIX
A matrix that consists of single column and any
number of rows is called a column matrix OR
column vector
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SUB MATRIX

If some row(s) or/ and column(s) of a
matrix are deleted, the remaining matrix is
called sub matrix of that particular matrix.

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SQUARE MATRIX

If the number of rows of a matrix is equal
to the number of columns of a matrix
(r = c) is called a square matrix.

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A square matrix has two diagonals.

Upper diagonal extending from the
upper left hand corner to the lower
right hand corner

It is called principal diagonal or
main diagonal and its elements are
called diagonal elements.
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UPPER TRIANGULAR MATRIX

A matrix, in which all the elements below the diagonal
entries are zero is called upper triangular matrix.


LOWER TRIANGULAR MATRIX

A matrix, in which all the elements above the diagonal
entries are zero is called lower triangular matrix


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DIAGONAL MATRIX

A square matrix with all non diagonal elements
equal to zero is called a diagonal matrix.

That is, only the diagonal entries of the square
matrix can be non zero.

11

UNIT MATRIX OR IDENTY MATRIX

A square matrix with all diagonal elements equal
to one is called an identity matrix or unit matrix.

Here non-diagonal elements are equal to zero

NUL MATRIX OR ZERO MATRIX

A matrix (square or rectangular), every elements of
which is zero, is called a null matrix or zero matrix.

It is denoted by the symbol o. [o m x n]




12

EQUALITY OF TWO MATRICES

Two matrices are said to be equal if and only if

They are of the same order
Each element of the first matrix is equal to the
corresponding element of the second matrix.

13
TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX

Let A = [a
ij
] be a matrix of order m x n, then
the matrix of order n x m obtained by
interchanging the rows and columns of
matrix.

A is called the transpose of A and is denoted
by A
I
OR A
T
. The number of rows of A is
then the same as the number of columns of
A
T
and vice versa.

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15
PROPERTIES OF TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX

i. The transpose of the transpose of a matrix is the matrix itself. Then. | | A A
T
=
T

ii. If A be any m x n matrix, then( )
T
kA A =
T
k , where k is a non-zero scalar.
iii. If A and B are two matrices of order m x n, then( )
T T
B A B A + = +
T
, the
transpose of the sum of two matrices is equal to the sum of their transpose.
ADDITION /SUBSTRACTION OF MATRICES

Let A = [a
ij
] and B = [b
ij
] be two matrices of the
same order m x n

their sum(differences) to be denoted by
A + B (A + B), is defined to be the matrix
C = [c
ij
] of order m x n,

where each element of C is the sum (difference)
of the corresponding elements of A and B, taken in
that order [c
ij
= a
ij
+ b
ij
] OR [c
ij
= a
ij
- b
ij
].


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PROPERTIES OF MATRIX ADDITION

i. Matrix addition is commutative. If A and B
be two m x n matrices, then A+B=B+ A.

ii. Matrix addition is associative. If A, B, C, be
three matrices conformable for addition,
then (A+B) +C = A+ (B+C).

iii. Existence of additive identity. If A be m x n
matrix and O be also m x n zero matrix,
then A+O = A = O+A.

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MULTIPLICATION OF A MATRIX BY A SCALAR OR
SCALAR MULTIPLICATION


Let A be any m x n matrix and k be any real
OR complex number called scalar.

Then m x n matrix obtained by multiplying
every element of the matrix A by a scalar k is
called the scalar multiple of A by k and is
denoted by kA or Ak.

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MATRIX MULTIPLICATION

To multiply matrices, it is not necessary that they be of the
same order.

The requirement is that the number of columns of the first
matrix be the same as the number of rows of the second
matrix.

Matrices that satisfy this requirement are said to be
conformable for matrix multiplication.

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Determine the revenue of a parking lot on a given Monday,
Tuesday, and Wednesday based on the following data.






The rupees charge per vehicle is Rs.4/= for Cars and Rs.8/=
for buses.
Calculate the revenue per day.
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DAYS No.of.Car No.of.Bus
Monday 30 5
Tuesday 25 5
Wednesday 35 15


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DETERMINANTS OF THE MATRIX

The determinant is a single number or scalar and is found only for square matrices.

i. SINGULAR

If the determinant of a matrix is equal to zero, the matrix is termed singular. That is,
A = 0.

ii. NON SINGULAR

If the determinant of a matrix is not equal to zero, the matrix is termed non-singular.
That is, A =0











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SECOND ORDER DETERMINANT

The determinant ,A, of a 2 x 2 matrix called second order determinant. It is derived by taking
the product of the two elements on the principal diagonal and subtracting from it the product
elements off the principal diagonal.
,A, =
21 12 22 11
22 21
12 11
a a a a
a a
a a
=
(

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THIRD ORDER DETERMINAT

The determinant of a 3 x 3 matrix can be calculated as follows,

(
(
(

=
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
a a a
a a a
a a a
A







Each element in a square matrix has its own minor. The minor
is the value of the determinant of the matrix that results from
crossing out the row and column of the element under
consideration.
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MINORS & COFACTORS


i. MINOR
A minor of the given matrix is the determinant of any of its square sub-matrix. Thus, a
minor
ij
M is the determinant of the sub matrix formed by deleting the i th row and
j th column of the matrix.

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Cofactors
Each element in a square matrix has its own cofactor. The
cofactor is the product of the elements place sign and
minor.
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i. COFACTOR
A cofactor
ij
C
is a minor with a prescribed sign. The rule for the sign of a cofactor
is

ij
C
=
IJ
j i
M
+
) 1 (


If the sum of subscripts (i + j ) is an even number,
ij
C
=
ij
M
. Since -1,
raise to an even power is positive.
If i + j is equal to an odd number
ij
C
= -
ij
M
. Since, -1 raised to an odd
power is negative.
INVERSE OF MATRIX

Inverse of a matrix can be found only for a square matrix.

The inverse of a matrix [A] is denoted by [A]
-1
.

The product of a matrix and its inverse results in an identity
matrix [I].

The identity matrix [I] has one for the diagonal elements
and all off-diagonal elements are zero







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MATRIX EXPRESSION OF SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATION

Matrix algebra permits the concise expression of a system of linear equations. Consider the
following example.


This can be expressed in matrix form
29 5 4
45 3 7
2 1
2 1
= +
= +
x x
x x


29
AX = B

(

=
5 4
3 7
A
(

=
2
1
X
x
x
and
(

=
29
45
B

Here
i. A is the coefficient matrix
ii. X is the solution vector
iii. B is the vector of constant terms
iv. A and B will always be column vectors


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MATRICES SOLVING TWO SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS

One of the most important applications of matrices is to the solution of linear simultaneous
equations. Consider the following simultaneous equation
1 5 3
4 2
=
= +
y x
y x



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CRAMERS RULE FOR MATRIX SOLUTION

Cramers rule provides a simplified method of solving a system of linear equations through
the use of determinants. Cramers rules states that,

A
A
x
i
i
=