DC MOTOR

LECTURE OUTLINE
OVERVIEW
LOSSES, POWER AND EFFICIENCY
SPEED REGULATIONS
TORQUE-SPEED CHARACTERISTIC
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF DC MOTORS
EXERCISE




OVERVIEW
Motor is a device that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy.
Motor consists of a stationary part or a stator and a rotating part, rotor, which
is connected to a shaft that couples the machine to its mechanical load.
The shaft and rotor are supported by bearings to rotate freely.
Normally stator and rotor are made of iron to intensify the magnetic field


OVERVIEW
Motor contains several sets of windings, which can be classified as field winding
and armature winding.
The function of field winding is to set up the magnetic field in the machine.
Normally the field winding current is independent of the mechanical load.
The armature winding carries current with the amplitude that depends on the
mechanical power produced.
DC motors are the motors that are powered from DC source.
DC motors are mostly used in automotive applications where the DC source is
readily available.
In most of the common types of DC motor the direction of current in the
armature conductor is reversed periodically during rotation.
This is accomplished with a mechanical switch composed of brush mounted on
the stator and a commutator mounted on the shaft.

OVERVIEW
A DC motor contains cylindrical stator with an even number of P of magnetic
poles that are established by field widings or by permanent magnet.
Inside the stator is a rotor consisting of a laminated iron cylinder mounted on a
shaft that is supported by bearings.


OVERVIEW
DC motor characteristic




Type Power
Range
(hp)
Rotor Stator Applications
Wound
field
Shunt
connected
10-200 Armature
winding
Field
winding
Industry, grinding,
machine toos, hoists.
Series
connected
Drills, automotive
starting motors
Compound
connected
Traction motor
Permanent
magnet
field
1/20 to 10

Armature
winding
Permanent
magnet
Machine tools, computer
peripherals, automotive
fans, window motors.
LOSSES, POWER AND EFFICIENCY

The mechanical output power (in watts) is given by


T
out
is the output torque in newton-meter and
m
is the angular speed
of the load in radians/sec.


n
m
is rotational speed in rpm.

m out out
T P
60
2

m m
n
LOSSES, POWER AND EFFICIENCY
Other conversions are:






Efficiency is given by




7376 . 0
.

m N lbs ft
T T
746
watts
hp
P
P
% 100
in
out
P
P

SPEED REGULATIONS
Speed regulation for a motor is given by the equation;










% 100

load full
load full load no
regulation

TORQUE-SPEED CHARACTERISTIC
Torque-speed characteristic is different for diferent types of motors.











Shunt connected motor Series connected motor
EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS OF DC MOTORS
Shunt connected DC motor
+

V
T


-
R
adj

R
F

L
F

R
A

Separately excited DC motor
EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS OF DC MOTORS
Series connected DC motor
EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS OF DC MOTORS
The field circuit is represented by a resistance R
F
and inductance L
F
in series.
Thus we have

The induced armature voltage is given by

F F F
I R V
R
adj

R
F

L
F

R
A

+
E
A
-

V
T
m A
K E
EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS OF DC MOTORS
K is the machine constant that depends on the design parameters of the
machine.
The torque developed in the machine is given by

The developed power, P
dev
is the power converted to mechanical form and
given by

whereas

or

A dev
I K T
dev m dev
T P
A A dev
I E P
EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS OF DC MOTORS
rot m rot
T P
EXERCISE 1
A 50-hp shunt-connected dc motor has motor constant, K of 2.228 at field current
of 10 A. The DC supply voltage is 240 V, armature resistance is 0.065 ohm, field
resistance is 10 ohm and the adjustable resistance is 14 ohm. At speed of 1200
rpm, the rotational loss id 1450 W. If the required output torque is 250 Nm
independent of the speed, determine the motor speed and efficiency.
EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS OF DC MOTORS