Viruses

Little Packets of Evil

Is a virus ALIVE?
NO -
have no cells, no metabolism, cannot
reproduce on its own

Viral Structure
CAPSID a
protein coat

Within the protein
coat =
NUCLEIC ACID -
(DNA or RNA)
Examples of
viruses
All living things
can have viruses:
Plants
Animals
Bacteria.
Viruses you have heard of:
Humans: The flu (Influenza); The
Common Cold; Herpes; Chickenpox;
Ebola; Smallpox; Hepatitis; HIV;
Rabies; Rubella;
West Nile; Yellow Fever; Polio;
Shingles and many more.
Pet viruses: FIV; Rabies; Feline
Leukemia; Canine flu; Parvo
Plant viruses: Tobacco mosaic virus;
Tomato Leaf Curl; Potato virus


Wolf in Sheeps Clothing
Many animal
viruses have a
CELL MEMBRANE
surrounding the
protein capsid.
WHY?
The membrane helps the
virus gain entry into
cells.
It steals proteins and
pieces of the cell
membrane from the
hosts cells. That way,
it LOOKS just like the cell
from the outside.
Ouch!
Herpes simplex
rupturing out of
lymph cell

Bacteriophages


Viruses are tiny
17nm -- 100nm
require an electron microscope
to be seen
VIRAL REPRODUCTION
3 ways of entry
Bacteriophage pokes a hole in the
cell (like a syringe)-- it injects its
own DNA into the cell.
Viruses may enter at the point of
injury a cut or scrape
Viruses may enter cell when the
membrane pinches inward and
wraps around it.
Bacteria viruses inject viral
DNA into cell of bacteria.
Plant viruses can enter on an
injured leaf with a cut or scrape
Fools the cell
Viruses have membrane parts from the
host cell.
Cell recognizes the virus as SELF and
allow the virus to enter.
Very specific will only infect the cells
with the proper cell surface receptors
EX:( HIV only infects white blood cells)
(Polio virus only infects nerve cells)
Virus Video
http://www.npr.org/blogs/krulwic
h/2011/06/01/114075029/flu-
attack-how-a-virus-invades-your-
body
The cells fight back

Mammals protect cells by
producing antibodies.
These identify and tag the
virus for destruction.

The Virus Hides and Changes
Virus change their DNA code EXTREMELY
fast.
Thus; they are always changing their
genetic information and making different
proteins from their genes.
This makes our immune system not
recognize them
EX: flu - New strain of flu virus each year.
Virus Takes Over
Virus enters cell
virus sheds capsid--exposing its DNA
viral genes insert themselves into the cells DNA
Every time the cell replicates it also replicates
the viral genes!
Every time the cell divides it copies new viruses
multiplying!
Evil..

The symptoms caused by
the cold virus are evident
within the first week;
however the symptoms for
the HIV virus occur in the
later stages sometimes
taking up to years to
become obvious if at all.
Come up with a reasonable
reason as to why?

How do you treat a virus?
Remember you cannot treat a viral
infection but you can prevent one by
getting a vaccine.
Vaccine
A vaccine
improves
immunity to
a particular
disease.
How do vaccines work?
http://health.howstuffworks.com/adam-200097.htm

A vaccine contains a weakened virus.

When injected into your body your
immune system recognizes it as foreign,
destroys it, and remembers it.

If you encounter the virus again, your
immune system destroys it.

LYTIC cycle of virus infection
Lytic Cycle
One or more virus particles enter the host
cell
In the lytic stage, many viruses are made by
the host cell and copies are sent back into
the environment.
Cause the cell to burst, or lyse, to release
newly assembled virus.
In only a few days to a few weeks the entire
virus cycle has occurred. QUICK!
Ex: the flu ; the common cold; ebola
Lytic Cycle
1.
2.
3.
4.
In the Lysogenic stage, the virus puts its
genetic material into the host cell and
makes silent copies.
The virus lies dormant within the host
until its ready to enter the lytic stage
May take many years to come out of
dormancy - or possibly never.
Ex: HIV may be lysogenic for 10-20 years before the victim
has symptoms

Ex2: Chickenpox will start out as lytic, then lay dormant
(lysogenic) for the rest of the persons life sometimes it will
reappear as Shingles if the persons immune system is
lowered. Usually in old age.

LYSOGENIC cycle
Silent copies
Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles
Differences between Cells and
Viruses