ADEEL ZAFAR

1
CEE 498KUC Experimental Methods in Structures and Materials
March 14th, 2008
DIGITAL IMAGE CORRELATION
ABSTRACT
Non-contact, optical technique for obtaining full-
field deformation
It uses image processing to go from several
images of material, and to then calculate the
deformation at any point in the field , and to then
find deformation and strain values

OUTLINE
Introduction to DIC
History and Developments
Concept and Approach
Methodology
Theoretical background
Calibration
DIC-3D
Various Tests and Results
Advantages and Disadvantages
Applications
Conclusion

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INTRODUCTION
What is DIC?
It is computer based process to obtain a 2-D full field
information by recording deformation and motion of
speckle patterns on a specimen surface before and
after deformation of the body
It takes advantage of the fact that applied stresses
change both the thickness and optical properties of
materials, to determine displacement



INTRODUCTION
Why need DIC?

Although the bulk macroscale testing provides useful
information about materials but many process occur at
microscale and nanoscale. As a result testing methods
are required to have that resolution and capture results
at that level


HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENTS
HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENTS
Developed in the early 80s at the University of South
Carolina to measure full-field in-plane displacements
and displacement gradients of a strained body at the
macroscale
1987 Methodology to measure crack initiation mode
& stress intensity factor in brittle materials
1988 Mixed-mode loading
1992 3D effects near a crack tip
1997 Deformations measured in micron and
nanometer scales
HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENTS
1997 Plastic deformation patterns in ductile
materials
1998 Method to evaluate large deformations
2002 Professor Lambros constructed crack growth
resistance curves for functionally graded materials
Contd.
CONCEPT AND APPROACH
EQUIPMENT
It is less demanding
optically-ordinary incoherent
light is sufficient and no
need for optical components
Requires one Hi resolution
camera for 2D displacement
and for 3D displacement, 2
cameras
A computer and frame
grabbing circuit card to
digitize the output
CONCEPT
It is very simple in concept
Digital camera takes picture
of surface of the specimen
Image is downloaded from
camera to a frame grabbing
circuit card
Analog signal from CCD
array are then digitized
The data is stored for
subsequent processing
APPROACH
Surface of specimen is sprayed
with target pattern
This is photographed before and
after specimen is deformed
Digital image of specimen
contains intensity
measurements at each pixel
location on CCD (charge couple
device-sensor) array before and
after
Using target features and their
location, displacement field is
generated
Accuracy upto 0.02 pixels have
been achieved

METHODOLOGY
LOCATING TARGET FEATURE
Camera with CCD array(Has small
photosensitive cells and high pixel count)
records intensity of light falling on a pixel.
Array in high resolution camera is
rectangular with thousand or more pixels
per line and a thousand or more lines per
image. (3x3 pixel)
Signal from CCD array is digitized and
gives a reading of the light intensity for
each pixel. Intensity readings are shown
as 0 from dark pixels and 100 for light
pixel(Grey Scale)
Storage of image into pixel and
combination of pixel is called
CONVOLUTION
100 0 100 100 100
0 0 0 0 0
100 0 100 100 100
0
50
0
LOCATING TARGET FEATURE
To locate the target from
intensity data on pixel array,
DIC uses intensity pattern
matching method called
CORRELATION
This is done by defining the
subset of pixels that
surround the key feature on
target
Matching two patterns
establishes target
displacement
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
100 100 0 100 100 100 100 100 100
100 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 100
100 100 0 100 100 100 100 100 100
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
50 50
0
50 50
50
50 50
0
50
0
50
100
100
100
100
50
100 100
100 100
100
100 100
100
100
50
100
50
100
100
100
0
100
100
0
50
100 100
100
100
100
50
100
100
Initial After
TARGET FEATURE REQUIREMENT
If you have same type of
target, then it would be
impossible to distinguish
between them
Need to have unique shape
for each point
This is achieved with
speckles
Speckle should cover at
least 3x3 pixel area
SPECKLE PATTERNS
Techniques in creating speckles are :-
For small speckles-Spraying white paint and sprinkling of carbon
particles
For moderate speckles-Spraying white paint and the black paint is
sprayed with light pass
For large speckles-Spraying white paint and brushing black paint
For very high resolution- Fluorescent paint is used




SPECKLE MATCHING
It is done based on
algorithm for matching
intensity field of many
speckles because of
richness of intensity data
as compared to
individual speckle
matching
SPECKLES WITH RESPECT TO SCALE
Macroscale Nanoscle
Speckles must be custom made to fit the scale of
observation. Thus, for the nanoscale, a smaller
speckle pattern must be used than for the
macroscale.
DIGITAL IMAGE
Corresponding
intensity profile
as a surface plot
Typical digital
image captured
by CCD camera
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
2-D deformation
In-plane displacement
Strain fields
Known discrete
functions
f(x,y)Undeformed
g(x,y)Deformed
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
up
vp
Components of displacement vector of point p in
x and y direction:
USING G(X,Y)
Use above equations to solve for displacement
vector :
Position of any point can be defined by
correlation functions:
MAPPING DISPLACEMENT(MATCHING)
Correlation involves comparison of intensity data of
two pixel fields. Mapping the coordinates between the
two fields is accomplished by using:-
X = x+u(x,y)
Y= y+v(x.y)
Matching process involves minimizing coefficient that
measure how well both configuration compare
MATCHING PROCESS
Two different coefficient have been used to compare
accuracy
Least-square correlation coefficient
Cross-correlation coefficient

is a light intensity value (grayscale level)

is corresponding intensity
value of the same point q after deformation

LEAST-SQUARES
CROSS-CORRELATION
SMOOTHING THE INTENSITY DATA
Digital Image contains thousands of pixels with
different gray scale values. Usually they change
abruptly
This produces mathematical difficulties when
determining mapping parameter
Therefore data is smoothed over the entire field in
both images. Process is called INTERPOLATION
SMOOTHING THE INTENSITY DATA
Interpolation over the intensity
values of deformed configuration
is needed to determine these
sub-pixel location intensity
values
Following interpolation schemes
are generally used;-
Bilinear
Cubic
Both interpolations approximates
intensity value of any point that
lies between pixels
BICUBIC INTERPOLATION
BILINEAR INTERPOLATION
INTERPOLATIONS
DETERMINATION OF DISPLACEMENT VECTOR
Two methods exist:-
Coarse-Fine method. Brute force approach in which
minimization coefficients are computed for a wide range of
values and are minimized independently. Time consuming
Newton-Raphson method . All coefficients are minimized
simultaneously. Faster

The process involves in obtaining optimum solution by
searching over given range for the deformation
parameters
CALIBRATION
CALIBRATION
Determination of Magnification factor
Relates to dimension on specimen to a
corresponding dimension on the image plane of
camera
Location of lens center
Center of camera lens should coincide with center
of area of interest
Lens Distortion
Lens with long focal lengths are employed to
minimize lens distortion
DIC - 3D
OUT OF PLANE DISPLACEMENT
STEREO IMAGING TECHNIQUE
Measurement of 3D
component on a
specimen is much more
difficult
2 CCD cameras are
employed
Procedure is to get
image from both cameras
and then develop stereo
imaging equations before
correlation process
TESTS AND RESULTS
PROCESS
Deformation vector field Strain field
Live field
TRANSLATION TEST
ROTATION TESTS
TENSION TESTS
Contour plot of displacement



FRACTURE TEST
FRACTURE TEST
FRACTURE TEST
Deformation vector field
Strain field
Live field
FRACTURE TEST
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
Preparation of the specimen is relatively simple as the speckle
patterns used as unique targets are made by spray painting its
surface.
Ordinary white light is used to illuminate the surface of the
specimen.
Specimen size is not an issue as the method can be applied to
both large and small specimens. Specimen size is
accommodated by changing the magnification used in
recording the image.
The method is not overly sensitive to vibration and a vibration
isolation table is not necessary. However, it is essential that
both the specimen and the camera be stable during the time
required to record the image.
Large strains or significant rigid body movement does not
cause difficulties if the specimen does not move out of the field
of view of the camera.
DISADVANTAGES
Sensitive to fluctuation and nonuniformity of light
intensity
Measuring out of plain displacement requires more
equipment and expertise
Mathematics involved is challenging
The calibration process is tedious

APPLICATIONS
Professional development
LaVisions StrainMaster
Correlation Solution in Biomechanics
Research development
Velocity vectors in displacement zone
of steel during cold-rolling process
SUMMARY
DIC is a non-contact method for measuring whole field
displacement
Method involves interpolation to smooth gray scale levels and
then applies coefficient to map the parameters to find strains
Mathematics involved is challenging, but if computer code is
available, mapping process becomes automatic
Accuracy is often quoted as 0.02 pixels for each displacement
component. Accuracy depends on:-
Interpolation schemes
Lens distortion
Uniformity of light distribution
Quality of speckle pattern
REFERENCES
http://www.airframer.com/news_story.html?release=108

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_image_correlation

Thesis by JAY K. Patel on DIC for microscale and nanoscale
deformation measurements

Thesis by Jorge Luis Abanto-bueno on Fracture Modeling

Structural Engineering Seminar by Prof Lambros
QUESTIONS