Chapter 11

Filters and Tuned Amplifiers

Passive LC Filters

Inductorless Filters

Active-RC Filters

Switched Capacitors
Filter Transmission, Types and Specification
Linear Filters
Transf er Function
T s ( )
V
o
s ( )
V
i
s ( )
The Filter Transmisson f ound by evaluating T(s) f or physical f requencies
s j e T je
( )
T je
( )
e
j| e ( )

Gain Function
G e
( )
20 log T je
( ) ( )
dB
Attenuation Function
A e
( )
20 log T je
( ) ( )
dB
Specification of the transmission characteristics of a low-
pass filter. The magnitude response of a filter that just
meets specifications is also shown.
Filter Specification
Frequency-Selection function
Passing
Stopping
Pass-Band
Low-Pass
High-Pass
Band-Pass
Band-Stop
Band-Reject
Summary Low-pass specs
-the passband edge
-the maximum allowed variation in passband, Amax
-the stopband edge
-the minimum required stopband attenuation, Amin

Passband ripple
Ripple bandwidth
Transmission specifications for a bandpass filter. The magnitude response of a filter that just meets specifications is also shown. Note
that this particular filter has a monotonically decreasing transmission in the passband on both sides of the peak frequency.
Filter Specification
Exercises 11.1 and 11.2
Pole-zero pattern for the low-pass filter
whose transmission is shown.
This filter is of the fifth order (N = 5.)
The Filter Transfer Function
transfer function zeros or transmission zeros
T s ( )
a
M
s z
1

( )
s z
2

( )
s z
3

( )
s z
M

( )

s p
1

( )
s p
2

( )
s p
3

( )
s p
N

( )

transfer function poles or the natural poles

Pole-zero pattern for the bandpass filter whose transmission is shown. This filter is of the sixth order (N = 6.)
The Filter Transfer Function
The magnitude response of a Butterworth filter.
Butterworth Filters
Magnitude response for Butterworth filters of various
order with c = 1. Note that as the order increases, the
response approaches the ideal brickwall type
transmission.
Butterworth Filters
Graphical construction for determining the poles of a Butterworth filter of order N. All the poles lie in the left half of the s-plane on a
circle of radius e
0
= e
p
(1/c)
1/N
, where c is the passband deviation parameter :
(a) the general case, (b) N = 2, (c) N = 3, (d) N = 4.

e= 10 1
10 A
max
/
e j
Butterworth Filters
Sketches of the transmission characteristics of a representative even- and odd-order Chebyshev filters.
Chebyshev Filters
First-Order Filter Functions
First-Order Filter Functions
Fig. 11.14 First-order all-pass filter.
First-Order Filter Functions
Second-Order Filter Functions
Second-Order Filter Functions
Second-Order Filter Functions
Realization of various second-order filter functions using the LCR resonator of Fig. 11.17(b): (a) general structure, (b) LP, (c) HP,
(d) BP, (e) notch at e
0
, (f) general notch, (g) LPN (e
n
> e
0
), (h) LPN as s , (i) HPN (e
n
< e
0
).
The Second-order LCR Resonator
The Antoniou inductance-simulation circuit. (b) Analysis of the circuit assuming ideal op amps. The order of the analysis steps is
indicated by the circled numbers.
The Second-Order Active Filter Inductor Replacement
Realizations for the various second-order filter functions using the op amp-RC resonator of Fig. 11.21 (b). (a) LP; (b) HP; (c) BP, (d)
notch at e
0
;
The Second-Order Active Filter Inductor Replacement
(e) LPN, e
n
> e
0
; (f) HPN, e
n
> e
0
; (g) all-pass. The circuits are based on the LCR circuits in Fig. 11.18. Design equations are given in Table 11.1.
The Second-Order Active Filter Inductor Replacement
The Second-Order Active Filter Two-Integrator-Loop
Vhp
Vi
K s
2

s
2
s
e
o
Q
|

\
|
|
.
+ e
o
2
+
Two integrations of signal
with time constant
e
o
s
Vhp
Vhp
1
Q
e
o
s
Vhp
|

\
|
|
.
+
e
o
2
s
2
Vhp
|

\
|
|
|
.
+ K Vi
1
e
o
Vhp K Vi
1
Q
e
o
s
Vhp
e
o
2
s
2
Vhp
Summing Point
The Second-Order Active Filter Two-Integrator-Loop
Circuit Implementation
The Second-Order Active Filter Two-Integrator-Loop
Circuit Design and Performance
T
a 1 2 , 40 .. := b 1 2 , 20 .. := j 1 :=
w0 2 t 10
3
:= K 3 :=
w
a
100 700a + := Q
b
0.1 0.2b + :=
T
a b ,
K j w
a

( )
2

j w
a

( )
2
j w
a

( )
w0
Q
b

(
(

+ w0
2
+
:=
The Second-Order Active Filter Two-Integrator-Loop
Exercise 11.21
Derivation of an alternative two-integrator-loop biquad in which all op amps are used in a single-ended fashion. The resulting circuit in
(b) is known as the Tow-Thomas biquad.
The Second-Order Active Filter Two-Integrator-Loop
Fig. 11.26 The Tow-Thomas biquad with feedforward. The transfer function of Eq. (11.68) is realized by feeding the input signal
through appropriate components to the inputs of the three op amps. This circuit can realize all special second-order functions. The
design equations are given in Table 11.2.
Fig. 11.37 A two-integrator-loop active-RC biquad and its switched-capacitor counterpart.
Fig. 11.47 Obtaining a second-order narrow-band bandpass filter by transforming a first-order low-pass filter. (a) Pole of the first-
order filter in the p-plane. (b) Applying the transformation s = p + je
0
and adding a complex conjugate pole results in the poles of the
second-order bandpass filter. (c) Magnitude response of the firs-order low-pass filter. (d) Magnitude response of the second-order
bandpass filter.
Fig. 11.48 Obtaining the poles and the frequency response of a fourth-order stagger-tuned narrow-band bandpass amplifier by
transforming a second-order low-pass maximally flat response.