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This document discusses relative clauses and the relative pronouns who, which, and that. It explains that defining relative clauses provide essential information to identify a person or thing, while non-defining clauses provide extra information between commas. Who refers to people, which refers to things or concepts, and that is used to make a noun more specific, usually referring to things or concepts. Examples are provided to illustrate the different types of relative clauses and proper uses of the relative pronouns.
This document discusses relative clauses and the relative pronouns who, which, and that. It explains that defining relative clauses provide essential information to identify a person or thing, while non-defining clauses provide extra information between commas. Who refers to people, which refers to things or concepts, and that is used to make a noun more specific, usually referring to things or concepts. Examples are provided to illustrate the different types of relative clauses and proper uses of the relative pronouns.
This document discusses relative clauses and the relative pronouns who, which, and that. It explains that defining relative clauses provide essential information to identify a person or thing, while non-defining clauses provide extra information between commas. Who refers to people, which refers to things or concepts, and that is used to make a noun more specific, usually referring to things or concepts. Examples are provided to illustrate the different types of relative clauses and proper uses of the relative pronouns.
As the name suggests, these clauses give essential information to define or identify the person or thing we are talking about. Obviously, this is only necessary if there is more than one person or thing involved.
Example: Dogs that like cats are very unusual. The three most common relative pronouns are who, which, and that.
The choice of pronoun depends upon the noun the clause refers to and on what type of relative clause is used.
Note: The relative pronoun is the subject of the clause. We do not repeat the subject.
Example: The woman who [she] lives across the road STRUCTURE Maintaining correct and consistent sentence structure in sentences with relative clauses is particularly tricky for several reasons. Since a relative clause always follows the noun it modifies, it can appear almost anywhere in a sentence that a noun can appear--in the subject, in the object, or in a prepositional phrase.
- People who have young children dont have much time for themselves. - My parents, who live in Minneapolis, come to visit twice a year. DEFINING AND NO-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES DEFINING: Essential information. The sentence wont be complete without them. Example: A seaman is someone who works on a ship.
NO DEFINING: Extra information. The principal sentence keeps the meaning if we omit them. They go between commas. Example: Jim, who we met yesterday, is very nice.
WHO Refers to a person or people. May be used with a clause that makes a noun specific. May be used with a clause that adds information.
Examples:
- People who live in New York lead very busy lives.
- My sister, who works for the company, leads a very active life.
WHICH Refers to a thing or concept. Is most often used in clauses that add information. Is sometimes used in a clause that makes a noun specific ( usually when a speaker or writer wants to sound more formal). Examples:
- The Empire State Building, which used to be the tallest building in the world, is still a popular tourist attraction.
- The lessons which we have learned are no more important than the lessons which we have yet to learn. THAT Is used only in clauses that make a noun more specific. Most often refers to a thing or concept. Is sometimes used to refer to a person or people, (usually only in informal writing or in speaking). Examples:
- The book that you gave me is lost.
- This is the restaurant that received the excellent reviews in the newspaper.