name: navneet chahar

roll no: 1310308

SLS is superior to other rapid manufacturing
techniques because of the wide variety of
materials it can process.
The materials include:
1. Wax
2. Cermets
3. Ceramics
4. nylon
5. Composite
6. Metal polymer
7. Metals and alloys etc.
Any material can be combined with a low
melting point material which will serve as
glue/binder in SLS.

SLS also processes bio materials for
fabricating scaffolds in tissue engineering
scaffolds.

SLS can be used to process almost any
materials provided it is available as powder
and the powder particles tend to fuse when
heat is applied.
Most polymers used in SLS are
thermoplastics.

Thermoplascs
Amorphous
crystalline
Amorphous polymers are able to produce
parts with very good dimensional accuracy
and surface finish but they are only partially
dense.
Typical application is silicone rubber and
epoxy molds.
Parts made of these are only useful for
application that do not require part strength.
Semi crystalline polymers can be sintered to
fully dense parts.
Prototypes employed where wear resistance is
the main consideration.
Other polymer based materials are acrylic
styrene for investment casting and an
elastomer for rubber like applications.
The mechanical properties are greatly
affected by the process parameters for ex.
Nylon 12 modulus is 10% less than that of
injection moulded part. This is due to the
porosity in the laser sintered part.

Glass filled polyamide (PA 3200 GF) has
excellent mechanical properties and high
accuracy can be used in SLS.
Application of these materials are housing
and parts used under elevated temperature
conditions.
Copper polyamide(intro. 1998) is a thermally
conductive composite of copper and plastic
and can be used to create tooling.
Low material strength are the limitation in
application of copper polyamide moulds.

Windform XT is a carbon filled polyamide
which produces black parts with a smooth
finish and a sparkling appearance.
It has low density and a high tensile strength.

SLS allows producing metallic parts using
some kind of sacrificial polymer binder.
During early stages SLS of powder material
proved unsuccessful due to balling, to
overcome this two phase powder approach
was used.
DTM has developed rapidsteel powder
composed of 60% SS and 40% bronze.
It has better hardness, machinability,
weldability, and thermal conductivity than
steel powder coated with a thermoplastic.
Laserform ST-100 is the latest tooling
material to replace rapidsteel 2.0 and copper
polyamide.
It is fully dense after LS and has a surface
roughness of 5 micron.
Instead of using polymer binder direct
sintering of metal powder is also done and
then infiltrated with epoxy to fill the pores.
The driving force for binding is physical
diffusion of metal atoms and thus a slow
phenomenon.
The best combination for metal sintering is of
iron and copper.

Ceramics are hard, brittle, high MP,
chemically and thermally stable.
The most common ceramics used in RP are
Al
2
O
3
, S
i
O
2
, Z
r
O
2
.
SLS has been used to produce parts using
ceramic coated with binder.
Maximum strength obtained is about 14 Mpa.
Aluminum with SiC is light weight, high
conductivity and wear resistance.

Functionally graded materials are a new
generation material having continuous or
discretely changing thermal and mechanical
properties at the macroscopic or continuum
scale.

SLS can fabricate such heterogeneous objects

SLS fabricated objects are usually porous.
This porosity is a key property in biomedical
applications, including artificial bones and
tissue engineering fields.
Polymethyl methacrylate coated calcium
powder have been processed,
polycaprolactone, a bioresrbable polymer are
used for bone and cartilage tissue
engineering.
Basic materials used in FDM are ABS,
Polyamide, Polycarbonate, Polyethylene,
Polypropylene.
In special FDM application silicon nitrate, PZT,
aluminum oxide, hydroxypatite, and SS.
FDM materials allows to manufacture real
parts that are tough enough for prototyping,
functional testing, installation and most
importantly end use.
Environmentally stable
No appreciable warpage, shrinkage.
Works well with soluble support materials,
support removal is hands free.
40% stronger that standard materials.
Offers widest range of color available with
FDM technology.
Versatile material
Good for form, fit and moderate durable
parts.
25-30% stronger than standard ABS material.
Its the lowest cost material in the range of
thermoplastic that work with FORTUS
360mc, 400mc, 900mc.
Ideal for jigs, fixtures and manufacturing
tooling.
Bio compatible material.
Sterilizable using gamma radiation or ETO
sterilized.
Soluble support material.
Works with FORTUS 400mc, 900mc.
Ideal material for medical, pharmaceutical,
and food packaging.

Translucent material.
Available in amber, red and natural color.
Ideal for automotive tail lens and aerospace
application.
Allows monitor fluid movement such as in
medical device.
Most widely used industrial thermoplastic.
Accurate, durable and stable for strong parts.
High tensile strength and can handle high
temperature.
Used for parts in house, in automobiles and
commercial equipment.
Superior mechanical properties and heat
resistance of PC.
Excellent feature definition and surface
appeal of ABS.
Soluble support material.
High impact strength and low volume
manufacturing.
Used for power tool prototyping and
industrial application.
Strongest and most heat resistant Bio
compatible material available with FDM.
Works with breakaway support material.
Gamma or ETO sterilized.
Used for drug, food packaging and medical
application.
Highest heat and chemical resistance of all
FDM materials.
Resistance to petroleum and solvents.
Works with breakaway support material.
Produce under the hood automotive,
sterilizable medical devices, and tooling for
demanding application.
Developed primarily for the aerospace
industry and also has application in the
marine and other niche industries.
Lightweight, flame retardant .
V zero rating for flame, smoke and toxicity.
High strength to weight ratio.
Works with breakaway support material.
For application where a static charge could
damage components, impair performance or
cause an explosion.
Uses soluble support.
Can be used in presence of powder, dust and
mist.
Used for creating jigs and fixtures for
assembling electronic component, functional
prototype for fuel storage.
FDM nylon 12:
100-300% better elongation at break and superior
fatigue strength and excellent chemical resistance.


Rutgers university have used the process to
fabricate functional components of a variety
of ceramic and metallic material such as
silicon nitrate, PZT,Al
2
O
3
, hydroxypatite.



They mixed ceramic powder with organic
powder which improved the property like
flexibility, stiffness, and viscosity.
Parts undergo further processing to remove
the organic binder and then sintered to
achieve densification.