UNIT

3
The interaction function
Natural Science 2. Secondary Education
THE MOVEMENTS OF ANIMALS
UNIT
3
The movements of animals
WHEN MUSCLES
CONTRACT THEY
PRODUCE MOVEMENTS:
INVOLUNTARY
VOLUNTARY
(LOCOMOTOR
SYSTEM)
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INVERTEBRATES
WITH NO
EXOSKELETONS
ARTHROPODS
ECHINODERMS VERTEBRATES
Natural Science 2. Secondary Education
These occur in the internal organs.
An example is the beating of a heart.
Involuntary movements
The movement of the
heart pumps blood
around the organism.
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UNIT
3
Natural Science 2. Secondary Education
The movements of animals
These are carried out by the locomotor system.

They allow an animal to move from one place to another.

Voluntary movements
UNIT
3
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Natural Science 2. Secondary Education
The movements of animals
The muscles form part of the walls of the body.
By contracting them, the animals shape changes and it can move.
The locomotor system in invertebrates with no
exoskeleton
1: When squids muscles
relax, water enters its body.
2: When muscles contract,
shooting out water, the animal
is propelled backwards.
UNIT
3
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Natural Science 2. Secondary Education
The movements of animals
The locomotor system in arthropods
2: When these muscles
contract, they pull on parts of
the exoskeleton (in this case,
the wings), enabling the
animal to move from one
place to another.
Their muscles are connected to the internal side of the articulated
exoskeleton.
UNIT
3
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1: Arthropods muscles are
connected to the exoskeleton.
Natural Science 2. Secondary Education
The movements of animals
The locomotor system in echinoderms
1: The pressure on the
ampullae pushes the
tube feet out of the
animals body.
2: The starfish
moves.
Tube foot
Their muscles are associated with a system of tubes and ampullae
(sacs) full of water known as the ambulacral system.
UNIT
3
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Natural Science 2. Secondary Education
The movements of animals
The locomotor system in vertebrates
1: The muscles
contract and pull the
bones.
2: The limbs move, and
so does the animal.
Their muscles are anchored to parts of the internal skeleton.
UNIT
3
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Natural Science 2. Secondary Education
The movements of animals
WHY DO ANIMALS MOVE?
1. Predator/Prey: In the food chain the object of the game is staying
alive. Predators must move to catch prey, and prey must move to
evade predators.

2. Social Movement: Most animal are concerned with both self survival
and promoting the survival of their species. Finding a mate is very
important , and there are many unique movements that animals
display during coutship.

3. Migration: Animals move to travel. This is particularly important for
animals that live in changing climates. These animals need to migrate
to specific locations at different times of the year.