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Aircraft Design (261K) and

Laboratory (161M)
Conceptual Design of UAV Systems
Spring Semester 2003
Instructor
Dr. Armand J. Chaput
Senior Technical Fellow
Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company
Fort Worth, Texas

(817) 763-7427
armand.j.chaput@lmco.com
Design of UAV Systems
Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation
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Design of UAV Systems
Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation
Lesson objective - to answer the following questions:

What is Conceptual Design?
What will you learn about it?
What are the expectations?
Mine
Yours
What is the course structure, content and
schedule?
Who am I and what do I know about air vehicle
systems and how to design them?
Objectives
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Design of UAV Systems
Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation
Discussion subjects
UAV system
Overview
Design Phases
Overview
Importance of early
design decisions
Course overview
Objective
Differences
Expectations
Participants
Content and schedule
Homework
Course background
Personal background
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But first what is a UAV? Design of UAV Systems
Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation
My definition - A reusable unmanned (or uninhabited
if you prefer) air vehicle
Includes target drones but excludes cruise missiles
- Even if the cruise missile has a data link
- Even if the technology is similar (which it is)
UAV UAV UAV UAV
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And there are many kinds Design of UAV Systems
Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation
Tilt wing/rotor
Fixed wing
Rotary
wing
http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/predator.htm
ttp://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/compass_arrow.htm
Micro
Free wing
http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/vtuav.htm
Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company
Tail Sitters
Small
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UAV System Elements Design of UAV Systems
Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation
But a UAV system is much more than a reusable
air vehicle or vehicles
Our system definition includes five elements
1. The environment in which the UAVs operate or the
System Element (e.g. the airspace, the data links,
relay aircraft, etc.)
2. The air vehicle(s) or the Air Vehicle Element
3. The control station(s) or the Mission Control
Element
4. The payload(s) or the Payload Element
5. The maintenance and support system or the
Support Element
Others define the system differently but at the
bottom line there is no difference - without all the
elements, the system wont work
The environment(s)
in which the UAV
operates
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System Element
Concept of Operations (ConOps)
Q
P
R
P
Q
Sensor
Management
Q
P
Global
Comms
P
Data
Fusion
Theater
C2
Sensing
Control
External
Systems
National
Imagery
National
SIGINT
Theater
Imagery
Theater
SIGINT
P
P
P
P
Data
Fusion
Mission
Planning
MCS
UCAV
UCAV
Q/P Q/P
R
P
Q
Q/P
Q/P
C
Space
Relay
Air
Relay
Direct
Comms
C
C
P
P
Sensing
Control
P
Communications Network
Launch and Recovery
Element (LRE)
Target
Set
Airborne
Comm
Node
SATCOM
Mission Control
Element (MCE)
MCE
Discover II
& Other Overheads
Rivet Joint AWACS

Joint Stars
Recce
Design of UAV Systems
Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation
Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company
Air Vehicle Element
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The Airplane(s)
Design of UAV Systems
Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation
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Mission Control Element
The Control Station(s)
Design of UAV Systems
Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation
http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/darkstar.htm
Payload Element
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The Payload(s)
Design of UAV Systems
Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation
http://www.tdyryan.com/04_Programs/Global_Hawk/GH_System_Desc.PDF
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Support Element
Support and Logistics
Design of UAV Systems
Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation
Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company
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Design of UAV Systems
Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation
Next subject
UAV system
Overview
Design Phases
Overview
Importance of early
design decisions
Course overview
Objective
Differences
Expectations
Participants
Content and schedule
Homework
Course background
Personal background
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Advanced design phases Design of UAV Systems
Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation
1. Pre-concept design (my term)
The very early work that establishes the general concept,
what it should do and how it will be used
Previously done by customer organizations (e.g. the
government) now done by customers and companies
The product is usually a set of initial requirements and
expectations for cost and schedule
2. Conceptual design
The next phase that starts with overall requirements and
objectives and develops a preferred system concept and
a plan to develop it
The product is usually a proposal for preliminary design
with enough technical, cost and risk information to
convince your customer to buy your concept
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Later phases Design of UAV Systems
Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation
3. Preliminary design
The subsequent phase that turns the preferred system
concept into a well substantiated design and proposes
a detailed plan to build and test it
The product is usually documentation and a design
review with enough detailed technical and cost
substantiation, planning and risk reduction to convince
your customer to let you build it
4. Detailed design
The final phase that completely defines the design for
production and test
The product is usually a set of detailed specifications,
drawings, manufacturing instructions and test plans
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Design of UAV Systems
Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation
Importance of early decisions
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Milestones I II III IOC Out of Service
100
95

85


70



50







10
Source Defense Systems Management College, 3 Dec. 1991
Preliminary
Design
Detailed
Design
Pre-concept
Design
Concept
Design
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Importance contd Design of UAV Systems
Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation
Many aerospace program problems trace back to
early design decisions (examples from my experience)
A-12 - All composite structure
F-16 XL - Engine selection
NASP - Binary program goal (SSTO or nothing)
http://www.fas.org/irp/mystery/nasp.htm
http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/a-12.htm
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Design of UAV Systems
Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation
Next subject
UAV system
Overview
Advanced Design Phases
Overview
Importance of early
design decisions
Course overview
Objective
Differences
Expectations
Participants
Content and schedule
Homework
Course background
Personal background
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Design of UAV Systems
Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation
Overall course objective
Our focus will be on the first two phases of design
These are the most critical design decision phases
Preliminary and detailed design are company and
design & analysis tool specific
- Other specialized Aero/ME/EE courses apply
We will cover both pre-concept and conceptual
design from a team design perspective
Team design is more complicated than individual
design
- Excellent planning and management is required
We will learn how and when to adapt methods and
data from manned systems
Some are applicable, others are not
Traditional aircraft design courses focus on aero-
engine-structures design and integration. We have to
cover much more:
Concepts of operations
Basing and mission coverage
Effectiveness
Communications
Operating environments
Therefore, we cannot go into as much depth in the
traditional aircraft design and integration areas
We do have time to even discuss some traditional
aircraft design subjects
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Course differences Design of UAV Systems
Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation
We will focus almost exclusively on full size,
fixed wing, subsonic UAVs
Control stations
Sensor payloads
Weapon payloads
Support concepts
Cost

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Design of UAV Systems
Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation
Overall course structure
Meets every Friday (2-5 p.m.) in Pharmacy 2.114
- Lectures
- Will address design of all the elements
- Example problems
- Will show how to apply the lecture material
- Spreadsheet model demonstrations
- Will be used extensively for pre-concept design
- Some models are applicable to conceptual design (with
calibration based on conceptual design methods)
Remaining laboratory hours are available to work on
projects
- I will be flying back to Fort Worth (weather permitting)
Expect to spend additional hours outside of class
- Doing design and analysis (individually and in teams)
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Design of UAV Systems
Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation
Overall schedule
Week 1
Course introduction
Introduction to UAVs
Week 2
UAV conceptual design issues
Fundamentals of system design
Week 3
Concepts of operation
UAV operating environments
Week 4
Sortie rate estimates
Requirements analysis
Week 5
Communication considerations and sizing
Week 6
Control station considerations and sizing
Payload (EO/IR and radar) considerations and sizing
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Design of UAV Systems
Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation
Overall schedule
Week 7
Reliability, maintenance, safety and support
Life cycle cost
Week 8
Mid term presentations
Week 9
Introduction to air vehicle design
Conceptual level aerodynamics
Standard atmosphere models
Week 10
Spring break
Week 11
Parametric propulsion
Week 12
Parametric weights
Parametric geometry
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Design of UAV Systems
Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation
Schedule contd
Week 13
Air vehicle performance
Integrated performance model
Methodology and correlation
Week 14
Air vehicle design (example)
Week 15
System concept design
Week 16
Project preparations
Week 17
Project presentations
Pre-concept design
Chaput, Concept Design of UAV Systems
Chaput, Concept design spreadsheet models
Conceptual design
Raymer, Aircraft Design, A Conceptual Approach, 3rd Edition
Raymer, RDS-Student Software for Aircraft Design, Sizing and
Performance
Roskam, Airplane Design, Parts I - VIII; Airplane Aerodynamics
and Performance, Airplane Flight Dynamics and Automatic Flight
Controls, Parts I&II.
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References Design of UAV Systems
Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation
Primary references
RosAP = Roskam, Airplane
Aerodynamics and
Performance
RosAD.1 = Roskam, Airplane
Design, Part I
...through...
RosAD.8 = Roskam, Airplane
Design, Part VIII
RosFD.1 = Roskam, Airplane
Flight Dynamics and
Automatic Flight Controls, Part I
RosFD.2 = Roskam, Airplane
Flight Dynamics and
Automatic Flight Controls, Part II
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Reference notation Design of UAV Systems
Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation
RayAD = Raymer, Aircraft Design, A Conceptual
Approach
RayRDS = Raymer, Student Software for Aircraft
Design, Sizing and Performance
UAV PCD = Chaput, Pre-Concept Design of UAV Systems
Mission area coverage UT.mission.coverage.xls
Mission sortie rate UT.sortie.xls
Communication line of sight UT. RFLOS.xls
Air vehicle performance (internal combustion)
- UT.ICProp.xls
Air vehicle performance (turboprop)
- UT.TBPprop.xls
Air vehicle performance (turbofan)
- UT.TBFan.xls
Sensor data UT.sensor.xls
Datalink data UT.datalink.xls
Life cycle cost - UT.aircraft cost.xls
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Spreadsheet models and data Design of UAV Systems
Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation
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Course materials
Design of UAV Systems
Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation
Will be provided electronically
1. Will be available one week in advance
Read ahead if you want
- But it is not a requirement
2. Paper copies are your responsibility
Limit of one copy per student
Note the Lockheed Martin Copyright
3. All lectures based on public source materials
If you are looking for Lockheed Martin secrets
you will be disappointed
4. But the methods, thought processes and
approaches are very state of the art
You will learn how it is done in the real world
One exception no stealth coverage
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Questions
Design of UAV Systems
Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation
Three ways
1. Ask in class
Good questions help everybody learn

2. Ask electronically
Ask questions by Email
Answers will be by Email and should be posted
on the course bulletin board by all recipients

3. Ask personally
Office in WRW 305A, phone ?
Office hours Friday, 11:00 -2:00
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Homework
Design of UAV Systems
Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation
Assigned weekly (starting week 3)
1. Practice what we teach
Applications of design methods
With design project focus
Should be easy if you pay attention
2. Submit weekly
Dont be late
Will be hard to catch up while keeping up
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Examinations
This course is about application of knowledge
to design
- Design projects/presentations will be given in
lieu of exams
Design of UAV Systems
Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation
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Design of UAV Systems
Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation
Project presentations
Presentations will be your major product
- Team presentation grades will be shared by team
- With adjustments for individual performance
Formats
Electronic
- Use standard MS Word, Excel or PowerPoint as
appropriate
- Scanned materials should use standard pdf, jpg or
gif formats
Other
Please minimize non-electronic submittals but we
will accept paper copies if no other option
available
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Design of UAV Systems
Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation
Design projects
Two major project submittals/presentations
1. Initial system concept design (week 8)
- Concept of Operation
- Communications
- Control stations
- Payload
- Notional air vehicle concept
- Cost and effectiveness
2. Preferred system concept (week 17)
- Air vehicle design
- Trade study results
- System performance
- Cost and effectiveness
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Design of UAV Systems
Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation
Grade basis
Class participation and attendance - 20%
Homework - 20%
Mid term design review - 25%
Final design review - 35%
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Design of UAV Systems
Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation
Course participants
Introduce yourself
Name
Hometown
Interest in aircraft design
What are your expectations ?
You will not be UAV expert
You will understand the fundamental conceptual
design issues and how to approach them
You will understand where to go for more
information
Your will be able to develop a UAV system
conceptual design that should work
Major components defined
Reasonably optimized size and performance
Reasonable cost estimates
Reasonable effectiveness estimates
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Design of UAV Systems
Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation
My expectations

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Next subject
UAV system
Overview
Advanced Design Phases
Overview
Importance of early
design decisions
Course overview
Objective
Differences
Expectations
Participants
Content and schedule
Homework
Course background
Personal background
Design of UAV Systems
Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation

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Design of UAV Systems
Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation
Course background
1999 Agreement Established Sejong-Lockheed Martin
Aerospace Research Center - Part of an LM corporate
commitment to support Korean aerospace development
Near term - Korean fighter production (F-16)
Mid term - T-50 program co-development
Long term - Sejong-LM Aerospace Research
Center
Sejong project focus
Support student programs
Radio control aircraft competition
Provide scholarships
Undergraduate and graduate
Help establish Sejong center of excellence
UAV studies
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Who am I? Design of UAV Systems
Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation
Lockheed Martin - 20+ years in advanced aerospace
product development
Systems Engineering - Senior Technical Fellow
Unmanned Combat Air Vehicles - IPT lead (start early 99)
LM/Boeing/Northrop AFX - Chief Engineer
National Aerospace Plane - National team Chief Engineer
National Aerospace Plane - Company Program Director
Advanced Design Department - Manager

Other credentials
Member, US Air Force Scientific Advisory Board (1997-2001, 2003)
Member, Naval Studies Board (2003)
Member, Board of Trustees, Association for Unmanned Vehicle
Systems International (1998-2001)
Member, AIAA Aircraft Design Technical Committee
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Who am I - contd? Design of UAV Systems
Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation
Prior Employment
Central Intelligence Agency (1969-80)
Active duty with US Army (1967-69)
Boeing Launch Systems Company (1966)

Education
Doctor of Philosophy, Texas A&M University
Master of Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Texas A&M
Bachelor of Science , Aerospace Engineering, Texas A&M

Other
Flight Instructor, single engine, land
Commercial pilot, instrument rated ,single & multi-engine
UAV pilot (radio control model aircraft) since age 13
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Intermission Design of UAV Systems
Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation