Drilling Engineering

Drilling Engineering
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen

Drilling Engineering PE 311
Hydraulics of Drilling Fluids
Circulating System

For incompressible fluids, the specific weight of the
liquid in field unit is given by
If P
! then
"he fluid density
Hydrostatic Pressure in Liquid Column
0
052 . 0 p D p + =
D p 052 . 0 =
D
p
052 . 0
=
P
P # dP
E$%mple& '%lcul%te the st%tic mud density required to prevent flow from %
perme%ble str%tum %t 1(,(ft if the pore pressure of the form%tion fluid is
)*psig+
,olution&
"he mud density must be %t le%st 13+- lbm.g%l
Hydrostatic Pressure in Liquid Column
gal lbm
D
p
/ 4 . 13
200 , 12 052 . 0
8500
052 . 0
=
= =
E/, of g%s&
Hydrostatic Pressure in as Column
dD dp 052 . 0 =
T R
M
m
Z T R n Z pV = =
T Z 3 . 80
pM
ZRT
pM
V
m
= = =

=
D
D
dD
M
0 0

T Z 1544 p
dp

p
p
T Z 1544
) (
0
0

D D M
e p p

=
dD
M p
dp
T Z 80.3
052 . 0
=
P
# dP
0 well cont%ins tubing filled with meth%ne g%s 123 ! 145 to % vertic%l depth of
1ft+ "he %nnul%r sp%ce is filled with % 6+ lbm.g%l brine+ 0ssuming ide%l g%s
beh%vior, compute the %mount by which the e$terior pressure on the tubing
e$ceeds the interior tubing pressure %t 1,ft if the surf%ce tubing pressure is
1 psi% %nd the me%n g%s temper%ture is 1-F+ If the coll%pse resist%nce of the
tubing is )33 psi, will the tubing coll%pse due to the high e$tern%l pressure7
"he pressure in the %nnulus 1e$tern%l pressure5 %t D ! 1, ft is
P
(
! +*( 8 6+ 8 1, # 1-+9 ! -,46* psi%
"he pressure in the tubing 1intern%l pressure5 %t D ! 1,ft
Pressure difference ! p
(
p ! -46* 11)) ! 3*9 : )33 psi%
"he tubing will withst%nd the high e$tern%l pressure
psia e
D D M
e p p 1188 1000
T Z 1544
)
0
(
0
) 140 460 ( * 1544
10000 * 16
= =
+
=
Hydrostatic Pressure in Comple! Fluid Column

( )
i i i i i i
D D p p p p + = + =
+ + + 1 1 1
052 . 0
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1
2 3 3 2 3
1 2 2 1 2
0 1 1 0 1
052 . 0
052 . 0
052 . 0
052 . 0

+ =
+ =
+ =
+ =
n n n n n
D D p p
D D p p
D D p p
D D p p
) ( 052 . 0
1
1
0
=
+ =
i i
n
i
i n
D D p p
Hydrostatic Pressure in Comple! Fluid Column
psig
p p
a
1266 1266 0 ) 000 , 10 0 . 9 000 , 1 7 . 16
1700 7 . 12 300 5 . 8 000 , 7 5 . 10 ( 052 . 0
0
= + = +
+ + + =
" #
"he effective density e$erted by % circul%ting fluid %g%inst the form%tion th%t t%;es
into %ccount the pressure drop in the %nnulus %bove the point being considered+
"he E'D is c%lcul%ted %s&
mud density, ppg
P ,um of the hydrost%tic pressure %nd the friction%l pressure drop in the %nnulus
between the depth D %nd surf%ce, Psig
D the true vertic%l depth, ft
Equi$alent Circulating Density %ECD&
E$%mple& 0 6+*<PP= drilling fluid is circul%ted through the drill pipe %nd the %nnulus+
"he friction%l pressure losses gr%dient in the %nnulus is +1*+ '%lcul%te the
equiv%lent circul%ting density in PP=+
,olution&
! 6+* # P.+*( ! 6+* # +1* . +*( ! 1(+- PP=
Equi$alent Circulating Density %ECD&
'uoyancy
( ) A P P W W
T b e
=
gHA gV W
l o o e
=
o l o o e
gV gV W =
=
gV
gV
gV W
o
o l
o o e
=
o
l
o e
W W
1
bo e
W W W =
3
e
, 3, 3
bo
effective weight, weight of the ob>ect
in %ir, %nd buoy%nt force+
l
%nd
o
< densities of liquid %nd the ob>ect
(
F
b
P
T
P
b
H
#
1, ft of 16+*<lbm.ft drillpipe %nd 4 ft of 1-9 lbm.ft drill coll%rs %re suspended
off bottom in % 1*<lbm.g%l mud+ '%lcul%te the effective hoo; lo%d th%t must be
supported by the derric;+ Density of steel is 4*+* lbm.g%l
Solution:
3 ! 16+* 8 1 # 1-9 8 4 ! ()3( lbm
3e ! 311 <
f
.
s
5 ! ()3( 8 11 < 1*.4*+*5 ! (1)3 lbm
1density of steel ! 4*+* lbm.g%l ! -6lbm.cu ft5
'uoyancy
Energy b%l%nce&
P
p
is he%t entering the system
P
f
is he%t loss due to friction
Flo) T*roug* +et 'its
( ) ( )
f p
p P v v D D p p + =
2
1
2
2
4
1 2 1 2
10 * 074 . 8 052 . 0
0pplying the energy equ%tion for % flow through % no??le with neglecting&
115effects of elev%tion& D
(
< D
1
!
1(5effects of uptre%m velocity v
o
!
135@e%t entering the system P
p
! %nd friction loss P
f
!
( ) ( )
f p
p P v v D D p p + + =
2
1
2
2
4
1 2 1 2
10 * 074 . 8 052 . 0
2 4
1 2
10 * 074 . 8
n
v p p
4
10 074 . 8

=
b
n
p
v
factor correction C
p
C v
d
b
d n

10 074 . 8
4

0ssuming % const%nt P
b

through %ll the no??les
Pressure drop %cross the bit
lbm.g%l A q gpm A 0
t
< in
(
Flo) T*roug* Parallel No,,les
4
10 074 . 8

=
b
n
p
Cd v
t i
i
n
n
n
A
q
A
q
A
q
A
q
A
q
A
q
v = = = = = = =
....
3
3
2
2
1
1
2 2
d
2 -5
C
10 * 8.311
t
bit
A
q
p

=
"he purpose of the >et no??les is to improve the cle%ning %ction of the drilling fluid %t the bottom of
the hole+ ,ince the fluid is tr%veling %t % vertic%l velocity v
n
, before re%ching to the hole %nd
tr%veling %t ?ero vertic%l velocity %fter stri;ing the hole bottom hence %ll the fluid momentum is
tr%nsferred to the hole bottom+
Force is time r%te of ch%nge of momentum, hence&
,ubstitute v
n
to the equ%tion %bove gives
3here F
>
is the hydr%ulic imp%ct force given in pounds+
Hydraulic -mpact Force
( )
60 * 17 . 32
n
j
v q
v
t
m
t
mv
=
p q c
d j
= 01823 . 0
E!ample& 0 1(+ lbm.g%l drilling fluid is flowing through % bit cont%ining three 13.3( in no??les %t %
r%te of - g%l.min+ '%lcul%te the pressure drop %cross the bit %nd the imp%ct force developed by
the bit+
Solution: 0ssume C
d
! +6*
@ydr%ulic imp%ct force&
Flo) T*roug* Parallel No,,les
2
2
3889 . 0
32
13
4
3 in A
t
=
=

psi
A
q
p
t
bit
1169
3889 . 0 * 95 . 0
400 * 12 * 10 * 311 . 8
C
10 * 8.311
2 2
2 5
2 2
d
2 -5
= = =
lbf p q c
d j
820 169 , 1 * 12 400 95 . 0 01823 . 0 01823 . 0 = = =
.*eological /odel
Flow curves of time<independent fluids
Bewtoni%n fluids&
Power l%w fluids&
Cingh%m fluids&
@erschel<Cul;ley
1Dield power l%w fluids5

=
n
! =

p "
+ =
n
"
! + =
Bewtoni%n 2odel
Bon<Bewtoni%n 2odel
Cingh%m<pl%stic model
Power E%w model&
Dield power l%w model&
.*eological /odel
=
" " p
" "
" " p

< =
+ =
> + =
;
; 0
;
n
!

=

n
! "

+ =

Pseudoplastic (Time-independent
shear thinning fluids)
If the %pp%rent viscosity
decre%ses with incre%sing she%r
r%te
Dilatant (Time-independent shear
thickening fluids)
If the %pp%rent viscosity incre%ses
with incre%sing she%r r%te
Classification of Drilling Fluids
Flow curves of time<independent fluids
Thixotropic (Time-dependent shear
thinning fluids): If the %pp%rent viscosity
decre%ses with time %fter the she%r r%te is
incre%sed to % new const%nt v%lue
.heopectic (Time-dependent shear
thickening fluids): If the %pp%rent viscosity
incre%ses with time %fter the she%r r%te is
incre%sed to % new const%nt v%lue
Drilling fluids %nd cement slurries %re
gener%lly thixotropic
Classification of Drilling Fluids
or time<dependent thinning
or time<dependent thic;ening

.otational 0iscometer
0 rot%tion%l viscometer is used to determine type of the fluid %nd the rheologic%l model of the
fluid+ "his c%n be done by v%rying the speed of the rotor 1v%rying the she%r r%te5 %nd re%ding the
di%l re%ding 1she%r stress5+ "o convert the speed to she%r r%te %nd di%l re%ding to she%r stress,
simply use these corell%tions&
! 1+93 $ rpm, 1.s
! 1+4 $ Di%l Fe%ding



"he d%t% below %re obt%ined from % rot%tion%l viscometer+ Determine type of fluid %nd the
rheologic%l model of this fluid+

EogG ! +3613 <<H G ! (+-6
n ! +36
y
! * lbf.1ft
(

Drilling Engineering - PE 311: Hydraulics of Drilling Fluids

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Drilling Engineering - PE 311: Hydraulics of Drilling Fluids

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Prepared by: Tan Nguyen

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