“On the Internet…”

you are nothing but an IP

Address! www.redhat.com
66.187.232.50

www.google.com
216.239.39.99 www.apnic.net
202.12.29.20

www.ietf.org
4.17.168.6 www.ebay.com
66.135.208.101
202.12.29.142

www.ebay.com
66.135.208.88 www.dogs.biz
209.217.36.32

www.doggie.com
198.41.3.45
www.gnso.org
199.166.24.5
Introduction
 For a host to communicate with any other host
 Need a universal identification system
 Need to name each host
 Internet address or IP address is a 32-bit address
that uniquely defines a host or a router on the
internet
 The IP addresses are unique in the sense that two
devices can never have the same address.
However, a device can have more one address.
Internet Address Routing
Global Routing Table

The Internet 4.128/9

60.100/16
60.100.0/20
135.22/16
…
202.12.29.0/24
…

Announce
202.12.29.0/24

Traffic
202.12.29.0/24

202.12.29.0/24
Internet Address Routing
Traffic
202.12.29.142

Local Routing Table

202.12.29.0/25
Local Router 202.12.29.128/25

202.12.29.142

202.12.29.0/24
Finding the class in decimal
notation
Netid and Hostid

 Each IP address is made of two parts; netid and hostid.

 Netid defines a network; hostid identifies a host on that network.
Netid and Hostid (cont’d)
 IP addresses are divided into five different classes: A, B,
C, D, and E
 Classes and Blocks
 Blocks in class A
 Class A is divided into 128 blocks with each block having a
different netid.

Millions of class A
addresses are wasted.
Classes and Blocks (cont’d)
 Class B is divided into 16,384 blocks with
each block having a different netid

Many class B addresses

are wasted.
Classes and Blocks (cont’d)
 Class C is divided into 2,097,152 blocks with
each block having a different netid.
netid

The number of addresses in

a class C block
is smaller than
the needs of most
organizations
Subnetting and Supernetting

 Subnetting
 A network is divided into several smaller networks with
each subnetwork (or subnet) having its subnetwork
address
 Supernetting
 Combining several class C addresses to create a larger
range of addresses
 IP Addresses are designed with two levels of
hierarchy
Subnetting
 Classes A, B, C in IP addressing are designed with two
levels of hierarchy (not subnetted)
 Netid and Hostid
Subnetting (cont’d)
 Further division of a network into smaller networks
called subnetworks
 R1 differentiating subnets
Subnetting (cont’d)
 Three levels of hierarchy : netid, subnetid,
and hostid
 Subnetting Example
128.10.1.1
H1 128.10.1.2
H2

Sub-network 128.10.1.0

Internet G
All traffic
to 128.10.0.0
128.10.2.1
H3 128.10.2.2
H4
Net mask 255.255.0.0

Sub-network 128.10.2.0

Subnet mask 255.255.255.0

Where do IP addresses come
from?

IPv4 IPv6

Allocation

Allocation

Assignment
end
user
IPv4 lifetime

n s
a t i o
l oc ns
A al at io t ed
AN c u
I
al lo ro
R ses
RI r es
d d
A

Reclamation?

Historical Data Projection

http://bgp.potaroo.net/ipv4
 why IPv6 was developed?
 Address depletion concerns Increase of backbone routing

 Squeeze on available addresses table size
space
Probably will never run out, but
will be harder to obtain
End to end connectivity no longer
visible
IPv6 provides much larger IP
address space than
 Current backbone routing table
size > 230K
 CIDR does not guarantee
efficient and scalable hierarchy
Routing aggregation is still a
concern in IPv6
IPv6 address architecture is
more hierarchical than IPv4
Compare IP v4 and v6 addresses
 IPv4 example
201.56.211.12
 IPv6 example
234F:0000:0300:1234:ABC4:0000:1123:34B3
 IPv4 address is 32 bits; IPv6 address is 128 bits

 IPv4 address is expressed in decimal or hex; the IPv6

address is always expressed in hexadecimal
 The IPv4 address has four bytes separated by a dot;
the IPv6 address has 8 double bytes separated by a
colon
IPv6
 Larger Address Space
 Aggregation-based address hierarchy
– Efficient backbone routing
 Efficient and Extensible IP datagram
 Security (IPsec mandatory)
 Mobility
 128-bit IPv6 Address

3FFE:085B:1F1F:0000:0000:0000:00A9:1234

8 groups of 16-bit hexadecimal numbers separated by “:”

Leading zeros can be
removed

3FFE:85B:1F1F::A9:1234

:: = all zeros in one or more group of 16-bit hexadecimal numbers

 Header comparison

0 15 16 31
vers hlen TOS total length Removed (6)
identification flags flag-offset • ID, flags, flag offset
20 TTL protocol header checksum • TOS, hlen
bytes
source address • header checksum
destination address

options and padding

Changed (3)
• total length => payload
IPv4 • protocol => next header
• TTL => hop limit
vers traffic class flow-label
Added (2)
payload length next header hop limit
• traffic class
40 source address • flow label
bytes

destination address
Expanded
• address 32 to 128 bits
IPv6
Major Improvements of
IPv6 Header
 No option field: Replaced by extension
header. Result in a fixed length, 40-byte
IP header.
 No header checksum: Result in fast
processing.
 No fragmentation at intermediate nodes:
Result in fast IP forwarding.
IPv4-Mapped IPv6 Address
 IPv4-Mapped addresses allow a host that
support both IPv4 and IPv6 to
communicate with a host that supports
only IPv4.

 The IPv6 address is based completely on

the IPv4 address.
IPv4-Mapped IPv6 Address
 80 bits of 0s followed by 16 bits of ones,
followed by a 32 bit IPv4 Address:

0000 . . . 0000 FFFF IPv4 Address

80 bits 16 bits 32 bits

Conclusion
 IPv6 is NEW …
– built on the experiences learned from IPv4
– new features
– large address space
– new efficient header
– autoconfiguration
 … and OLD
– still IP
– build on a solid base
Case Study
 This section of the report aims to show the
rationale for a few selected IPv6
implementations. In what follows, case studies
for NTT Communications and Google are
considered.
 A further source of information beyond the case
studies below is the IPv6 Forum.
1. NTT Communication

• NTT Communications began offering IPv6 Internet service in April 2001. One of
the largest ISPs in Japan, NTT Communications, provides several commercial
IPv6 services.

• Dual stack (IPv4 and IPv6) ADSL services have been offered since 2002. In addition
NTT Com has operated a dual-stack IPv6/IPv4 backbone connection since 2004.

• Since 2005, NTT Com has provided dual-stack Ethernet access (e.g. for fibre)
for enterprise users.
 2.Google
• Google started to consult vendors in 2004 and received a “/32” IPv6 delegation
from ARIN in 2005.

There are three facets to Google‘s IPv6 deployment:

1. Production networking infrastructure i.e. peering and transit,whereby IPv6 is
stretched to each data centre.
2. Corporate deployment, for all Google‘s internal networks and staff to be using
IPv6; and
3. Deploying IPv6 in Google‘s software and services including gmail, search, or
Google maps in production quality.

• To ensure that service over IPv4 is not affected, Google is likely to use
separate domain name for its IPv6 service

• Another challenge for Google is that in its search for minimal latency, it has
been implementing very fast IPv4 Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC)
chips
 References
http://www.nro.net/statistics/

Accessed on 2 april 2009

http://faculty.yu.edu.jo/ALAJLOUNI/DownloadHandler.ashx?pg=7eba14be-
85f4-42bd-a8e1-06efb535a25&section=cf8eda12-0cde-4ff8-b67d-
76de74fad17d&file=Chap-04.pdf

Accessed on 8 april 2009

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ip_address

Accessed on 8 april 2009