Quality of Service

10/4/99 1
Company Confidential
1
Quality of Service is a measure of Network Quality

Quality of Service is judged by the customer.

Customer expects same quality as PSTN

Increase in mobile penetration, increase the
demand for excellent quality
Quality of Service
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Effect of QOS !
Dissatisfied Customers
--- Customers face describes your profit curve
--- 1 Dissatisfied customer prevents 10 new
Revenue
--- Customer Switchovers
--- Less New Customers
--- Cost of Dropped Calls
--- Cost of Blocked Calls
Quality of Service
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Dropped call subscriber when attempting the same call again , talks less with
the fear of dropping again. On average it is one minute less.
*
Cost of Dropped Calls
Drop Call Rate x Calls/Month = No of Drop calls
Cost of Drop calls = No of Drop calls x Cost Per Minute*
Effect of QOS !
Example
Network with 5,00,000 subscribers & Drop Call Rate 5 %

No of calls = 5,00,000 x 0.5* call/day = 250,000/day = 75,00,000/month
Dropped Calls = 75,00,000 x 5 % = 375,000
Cost of dropped calls = 375,000 x 15cents/minute = 56,250 $
Can you afford a loss of 56,250$ ?
Quality of Service
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4
years
Phase I
- investigation
- commissioning
- field trail
- first installation
Phase II
- self-maintenance & operations
- network optimization
- network expansion
- stabilization of capacity
Quality of
Service
Time
Service Launch
Quality of
Service
Quality drops due to
network congestion
Quality improves due to
network expansion and
optimization
Quality of Service Life Cycle
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5
Provide fast, accurate and quality customer service
Rapid deployment of the system along with
new services.
Decreasing size of technical staffs and increasing complexity of
technology
Manage and find problems in increasingly
distributed, multiplexed and segmented networks
Vendor claims to have a technical edge on technology
Cannot implement their own strategy and techniques for optimization
without vendors acceptance.
Security
Provide effective end-user phones and devices
Challenges for Operators
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No regular tests
very reactive
not enough trained technical staff
Driven by alarms, customer complaints, and OMC reports
GSM network equipment is still under warranty
Modules are swapped on site
Some analysis on OMC data
Want proactive testing in the future
Day-to-Day approach for problems is what? and not why?
Typical Maintenance Strategies
of current GSM operators
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Customer Complaints

OMC Performance Statistics

Drive Tests Measurements
GSM Network Performance
Parameters
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Customer Complaints
I am getting "No Service"
I get the INA "XXX" back when I dial a number very often.
My handset regularly displays Network Search.
I get a 3 beep tone, when I dial a number.
My friends call me, but I keep on missing calls.
Speech Quality is pathetic.
I can never keep up with my call on this street, it DROPS !
My friend has competitor's phone, that works well .
Can you get something out of this ?
Can you figure out the technical problems ?
GSM Network Performance Parameters
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Access Quality
Speech Quality
Retaining Quality
Categories of User Quality
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OMC reports Network Performance through statistics
Statistics are pegged based on call states detection by the BTS and BSC
Some Statistics are also based on Signaling Messages
OMC Vendors use their own terminology's and calculation methods to
generate statistics
In general more or less all statistics indicate the same meaning.
It is essential to understand how statistics are pegged to derive
conclusion on network performance
Statistics should be used as a proactive approach to detect problems in
the network.
OMC
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Measurement Intervals Reporting
Measurement Period Reporting
OMC
Measurement Intervals = No of Multiframes/ millisecs/ secs

Measurement Period = Sum of Measurement Intervals ( 30 mins, 60 mins)
OMC Statistical Reporting
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Periodic Reports
Per CELL basis every measurement period ( 30/60 mins )

Indicates the Trend in statistical measurement
Daily Averages
Per Cell basis

Snapshot of Cells Performance and Problems
OMC - Report Types
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RACH/AGCH Performance
SDCCH Performance
TCH Performance
Handover Performance
Signaling Link Performance
OMC - Performance Categories
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No of Invalid RACH's
Percentage RACH Loading
Percentage AGCH overloading
No of Delete indications
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No of Invalid RACHs
Channel Request
Establishment Cause
and BSIC

If Establishment Cause & BSIC = Invalid

Invalid RACH
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No of Channel Requests in a measurement interval
Total Possible RACHs in the same measurement interval
x 100 = RACH Loading
Measurement Interval = Units of Multiframes ( 235 ms)
Total Possible RACHs in 1 Multiframe = 27 for Combined
51 for Non-Combined
Once the Threshold is reached , the
FLOW Control Process Starts
** Some OMC systems may generate alarms also
RACH Loading
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No of Immediate Assignments in a measurement interval
Total Possible Immediate Assignments in the same measurement interval
x 100 = AGCH Loading
Measurement Interval = Units of Multiframes ( 235 ms)
Total Possible Immediate Assignments in 1 Multiframe depends on
BS_AG_BLKS_RES
BS_CC_CHANS
Once the Threshold is reached , the
FLOW Control Process Starts
** Some OMC systems may generate alarms also
AGCH Loading
Maximum Immd Assignments
For Combined Multiframe = 15 in 1 Multiframe
For Non-Combined = 45 x 4 in 1 Multiframe
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No of Immediate Assignment Messages to be transmitted exceeds the BTS
limits( buffer), BTS will start deleting the Immediate Assignment Messages and
inform this to the BSC.
Delete Indication
BTS BSC
Immd Assign Extended
No of Delete Indications = Number of times Delete Indication is
received during the Measurement Period
Delete Indications
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No of Paging Messages sent from MSC.
Paging Requests per cell
No of Paging Responses at MSC.
Percentage Paging Overload.
Paging Performance
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Paging
MSC
BSC
BTS
BTS
BTS
Paging Req
Type (1/2/3)
Paging Req
Type (1/2/3)
Paging Req
Type (1/2/3)
Paging Request Type1 = 2 MS
Paging Request Type 2 = 3 MS
Paging Request Type 3 = 4 MS
Paging Response
MSC Paging Rate
Cell Paging Rate
No of Paging Response
Paging Performance
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Paging Overload = No of times the Paging Buffer is full .
Total No of Paging Messages in a Cell during a measurement period
No of Paging Messages = No of Paging Blocks in 1 Multiframes
x No of multiframes in the period
Paging Performance
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SDCCH Holding Time
SDCCH Congestion
SDCCH_Attempts
SDCCH_Failures
SDCCH Drops
SDCCH Performance
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SDCCH Holding Time
Time (in secs) spend on SDCCH
Reported as Min, Max and Mean during the measurement period and also as
daily average on per cell basis
SDCCH Attempts
No of Channel Requests + SD Activation for Handover
SDCCH Traffic
SDCCH Attempts x SDCCH Mean Holding Time (secs)
60 x 60
Erlangs =
SDCCH Performance
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Channel Request
RACH
Imm Assign Reject
SDCCH CONGESTION
SDCCH Congestion
No of times all SDCCH's found busy, and a
Channel Request received
SDCCH Performance
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Reserves SDCCH
RACH
T3120
Re-transmission
AGCH
T3101
No Response from MS - T3101 Expires
T3120
Channel Request
Immediate Assignment
SDCCH FAILURE
SDCCH Failure
No of times MS did not respond to Immediate
Assignment within T3101 timer period.
SDCCH Performance
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SDCCH Drop
BTS detects RF Link Failure in the Uplink on SDCCH
RF link Failure generally based on SACCH reports
Also Known as SDCCH_RF_Loss
Reported on periodic and daily average basis for each carrier and
Timeslot configured for SDCCH
SDCCH Performance
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TCH Holding Time
TCH Congestion
TCH_Attempts
TCH_Failures
TCH Drops
TCH Performance
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H
TCH Holding Time
Time (in secs) spend on TCH
Reported as Min, Max and Mean during the measurement period and also as
daily average on per cell basis
Includes time for Alerting also.
TCH Attempts
No of Channel Requests with cause as MOC & MTC +
Channel Activation Requests for Handover
TCH Traffic
TCH Attempts x TCH Mean Holding Time (secs)
60 x 60
Erlangs =
TCH Performance
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TCH Congestion
RACH
Channel Request
MM/CC Signaling
on SDCCH
MSC Assign Request
BSC
No TCH
Assign Failure
No of Times TCH not available
No of Assignment Requests from MSC + Handover Requests
TCH Congestion =
TCH Performance
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RACH
Channel Request
MM/CC Signaling
on SDCCH
MSC Assign Request
BSC
Assign Failure
Assignment Command
Assignment Failure
No of Assignment Failures from MS
Total No of TCH Assignments
TCH Failure =
TCH Failure
TCH Performance
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TCH Drop
BTS detects RF Link Failure in the Uplink on TCH
RF link Failure generally based on SACCH reports
Also Known as TCH_RF_Loss
Reported on periodic and daily average basis for each
carrier and Timeslot configured for TCH
TCH Performance
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No of SDCCH Outgoing Handover attempts
No of SDCCH Incoming Handover attempts
Successful SDCCH Handovers
SDCCH Handover Failures
No of TCH Outgoing Handover attempts
No of TCH Incoming Handover attempts
Successful TCH Handovers
TCH Handover Failures
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No of Outgoing Handovers
No of Handover Commands send in a cell
No of Incoming Handovers
No of Channel Activation for Handover cause in a cell
Successful Handovers
No of Handover Complete received in a cell
Handover Failures
No of Handover Failure received in a cell
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Handover Criteria Statistics
Uplink Quality
Uplink Level
Downlink Quality
Downlink Level
Distance based
Power Budget
Intra-Cell Handover Statistics
UL Intra-Cell Handovers Successful
UL Intra-Cell Handovers Failure
DL Intra-Cell Handovers Successful
DL Intra-Cell Handover Failure
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We will take few of your OMC Parameters and see what they mean

We will then reveiw some data for these parameters

We will conclude on network performance based on this data.
Your OMC Statistics
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* Phone Measurements
* Call Processing
Measurements
* Coercive Testing
* Receiver Measurements

GSM Drive System
Measurements
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Generic Drive Test Measurements
Statistical Parameters
Attempted Calls
Dropped Calls
Blocked Calls
Handover Attempts
Successful Handovers
Failed Handovers
Measured Parameters
Best Server
Rxlev
Rxqual/FER
Neighbor Rxlev
Timing Advance
Tx Power
L3 messages
Drive Test Network Performance
Parameters
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GSM Test Phone Measurement
Groups
Call Control
Call Sequencing
Coercive testing
Call processing statistics
Phone Measurement BCCH
Idle mode measurements
SACCH Reports
Additional measurements
Frequency Hopping information
Displays
Graphical
Tabular
Protocol Messaging
Layer III
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Phone Measurements
Serving Cell BCH
ARFCN
RxLevel
Cell ID
BSIC
C1 & C2
LAI
MNC, MCC, LAC
Neighbor Cell
ARFCN
RxLevel
BSIC
C1 & C2
Phone State
Mobile TX Power
Timing Advance
TCH ARFCN
RxLevel
Full & Sub
RxQual
Full & Sub
FER
Radio Link Counter
IDLE Mode DEDICATED Mode
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One ARFCN, On all the time, in every cell
Adjacent cells use different ARFCN

Information on BCCH identifies the network
and cell
Occupies Time Slot 0
Cell ID, MCC, MNC
Neighbours, hop sequences, paging information
All timeslots on the BCH ARFCN are always On with
the max power.
With Frequency Re-use, also need BSIC to
assist in identifying the cell

Broadcast CHannel
Base Station Identity Code
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Omni-directional Cell

BTS
Sectored Cell
1x BCH
1x BSIC
3x BCH
3x BSIC

a
b
g
BTS
Cell Formats
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What is the BSIC ?
Base Station Identity Code
Part of the BCH
Coded into the synchronization burst
Two octal digits (value 0 to 7)
Broadcast Colour Code (BCC)
National Colour Code (NCC)
T
3
Coded Data
39 bits
GP
8.5
Synchronization Sequence
64 bits
Coded Data
39 bits
T
3
148 bits Synchronization Burst
GSM
Definitions.
BSIC discriminates re-use cells within the network and between other networks
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Traffic CHannel
ARFCN on which on BCH and CCH logical
channels dont exist.
TCH ARFCN is not used for camping On
TCH ARCN is used to increase traffic capacity in
the cell.
TCH ARCN will not be On always.
Signals can be measured on the TCH ARCN only
when a call is going on.
TCH received power will be bursty, if less calls are
going on.
Base Station can use downlink power control on the
TCH ARFCN

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Network Identities
MCC : Mobile Country Code
MNC : Mobile Network Code
LAC : Location Area Code
LAI : MCC + MNC + LAC
CI : Cell Identity
When will these change ?

CI: Mobile does cell selection and reselections
LAC: Mobile changes location area
MNC : Mobile camps on to a different network within a country
MCC : Mobile camps on to a network in a different country
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Phone Idle Mode Measurements

NCell
NCell
NCell
Serving Cell
Reports to HP E74xx
RXLEV + BSIC for Serving Cell
RXLEV + BSIC for top 6 Ncells
C1 & C2 for serving cell
C1 & C2 for top 6 Ncells

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Idle Mode Measurements interval
F
S
B
B
B
B
P0
P0
P0
P0
"ON"
"ON"
Measurements
Measurements
(optional toMS)
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Idle Mode Measurement
updates
Serving Cell
Running average of 5 measurement samples per Rxlev value.
Measurement samples collected over a period of :
= 5 secs to Max ( 5s, five consecutive paging blocks of that MS)
This period can range between 5secs to 10.5 secs, depending upon the
paging repetition rate parameter settings.

Neighbor Cells
Running average of 5 measurement samples per Rxlev value of each
neighbor cell.
Measurement samples should be collected over a period of :
= 5 secs to Max [ 5s, (5*N + 6) DIV 7) * BS_PA_MFRMS / 4 ]
N is the number of non-serving cell BCCH carriers in the BA list (max 32)
BSIC for the same the Neighbor cell ARFCN is verified every 20 secs

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C1 measurement
C1 is the path loss criterion, which is used to estimate the
balance between uplink and downlink
Mobile camps on to a cell where C1 is the maximum
Mobile in idle mode will at regular intervals carry out C1
measurements for both serving cell and Top 6 neighbor
cells.
Mobile will do a cell reselection to a neighbor whose C1
exceeds the C1 of the server
Mobile will provided addition hysterisis value to be added to
the C1 of the server when the neighbor is in different LAC.
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C1 = A - max ( B,0 )
A = Average Received signal Level - Min Receive Level
B = Access Power - Max power of Mobile ( Classmark )
A = + = Good Downlink Path
B = -- = Good Uplink Path
For Cell selection C1 > 0
For Cell Reselection C1 of new cell > C1 of current cell
or C1 falls below 0, both for a period of 5 seconds.
C1 Calculations
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CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET : ( 0 - 126 dB // 2 dB steps )
Positive or a negative offsets applied to cells permanently over C1
Used for prioritazation in cell reselection ( ex: umbrella cells)

TEMPORARY_OFFSET : ( 0 - 60 dB // 10 dB steps)
Negative offset applied to a neighbor cell whose C1 exceeds C1 of
server
Offset remains valid for a timer duration
Used for optimizing frequent cell reselections.

PENALTY_TIME : ( 20s to 620s // 20secs steps)
The duration for which the Temporary_Offset is applied.
C2 measurements are optionally used to optimize and prioritize cell
reselections.
Additional parameters are broadcasted to the Mobile, which are
implemented over C1 calculations.
C2 Measurements
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Phone Dedicated Mode Measurement
Reporting

NCell
NCell
NCell
Serving Cell
Measurement
Report
1 Report every 480 ms in active mode
RXQUAL and RXLEV for Serving Cell
RXLEV + BSIC for top 6 Ncells
Transmit Power and Timing Advance

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Phone Measurement Report
Rxlev
During reception of burst for serving cell
Minimum one neighbor cell measured in 1 frame
RxQual
BER measurements carried over 26 bits of midamble
Ranges between 0 - 7 ( 0 indicates no errors )

Full and Sub
Rxlev_Full & RxQual_Full : Measurements taken over full set of TDMA frames
Full set of TDMA frames : 102 for SDCCH
Full set of TDMA frames : 104 TCH

Rxlev_Sub & RxQual_Sub : Measurements taken over subset of TDMA frames
If even one frame is not transmitted in the measurement
period, then it is considered as subset of TDMA frames.

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When do we practically consider sub ?
When DTX used, and the receiver enters the DTX mode , then the
measurement done over all the frames is not valid.
With DTX, if there is completely no speech for 480ms, then still there
will be 8 frames of SID and 4 frames of SACCH, these 12 subset
frames will be used for sub measurements .
DTX is not used on BCCH carrier (all timeslots) , hence if the call is on
a TCH timeslot which is on a BCH carrier, then it will always be FULL,
and in the measurement report both Sub and Full values will be same.
DTX is not used on the SDCCH also , hence the above clause applies
to this also.
On a TCH carrier, when DTX was used by the BTS in the previous
480ms period, measurement is Sub, else it is full.
If Frequency Hopping was used, and BCH carrier was a part of it, and
downlink power control is used, then the Rxlev measurements will
always be sub ( since BCH carrier frames are not included in the
Rxlev measurement averaging), but RxQual will be full.
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4
3
2
1
0
SACCH Blocks
BCCH : Max value = 4
Max value broadcasted on BCCH
Range : 4 - 24
For every bad frame of SACCH,
counter decrements by 1
For every good frame , counter
increments by 2
Radio link failure is declared,
when counter equal 0
Call is dropped
Mobile returns to idle mode

Radio Link Failure
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Under what conditions will this decrement ??
-- Poor RF link ( Rxlev and RxQual)
-- Interference
-- Uplink Problems !!!!
Radio Link Counter
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Frame Erasure Rate (FER)
3 bits CRC is added to the dedicated channels and on Type 1a
bits of speech , in the coding process
If the CRC detection at the Mobile is invalid, it indicates a Bad
frame and FER counter goes up.
The effect perceived by the user is a Ping-Pong sound.
FER is very useful to estimate quality under frequency hopping
conditions, when Rxqual is bursty.
Under Frequency Hopping condition , Rxqual does not resemble
a true picture of quality, FER is the preferred parameter .
Since only 3 bits are used for CRC , the probability of detecting
bad frames is only 12.5%

How do we measure FER % ?
% of speech frames erased over last 4 measurement periods
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Protocol Message Logging
We can choose to filter the
message streams we log
Call control
Radio Resource
Mobility Management
We do not log ALL the
message types e.g.
SMS
Supplementary Services
Messages are logged in
binary
Display is an ASCII decode
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Call Control Messages (CM)
Alerting
Connection messaging
Call establishment for MO
Call establishment for MT
Emergency call status
DTMF Signaling and control
Disconnection
Manages functions for circuit switched call control
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Mobility Management
Messaging
Location Update Requesting
User Authentication
IMSI Attach
Present IMSI; Get TMSI
Equipment Identity Requests
Security
Manages Who you are and Where you are
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Radio Resource Messaging
Channel Assignments &
Releases
Handovers
Ciphering mode commands
Paging Requests
System Info Messages
Neighbor lists
Hopping sequences
Cell Barring

Controls How the Air Interface is Managed
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System Info Messages Summary
Not with Sagem Not with Sagem
TYPE 1 TYPE 2 TYPE 3 TYPE 4 TYPE 5, 6 TYPE 7 TYPE 8
BCCH BCCH BCCH BCCH SACCH BCCH BCCH
Cell channel description BA List Cell ID LAI BA List Cell selection Cell selection
RACH control params RACH control params LAI Cell selection params Cell ID
Access control classes MCC RACH control NCC permit
MNC CBCH description
LAC CBCH MA
Cell selection params
System Info Summary Table
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Mobile Terminated Call Establishment
Logical Channel Mobile BTS
PCH Paging of mobile station
RACH Channel request
AGCH Channel assignment
SDCCH Answer to the page
SDCCH Authentication request
SDCCH Authentication response
SDCCH Set-up message for call
SDCCH Confirmation
SDCCH Assignment of TCH
FACCH Acknowledge assignment
FACCH Alerting (caller hears ringing)
FACCH Connect message (off hook)
FACCH Acceptance of connect
TCH Speech
Call Set Up Process
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Call Control & Processing
Automatic call set-up / end
Number of calls
What to do on failure
Can define number to dial
Can set which statistics to
monitor
Attempted, dropped,
blocked, handovers
Can force mobile actions
Camp to a BCH
Prevent handover
Force a handover
Ignore cell barring
Timeslot Testing
Repeated call set-ups
until on desired time
slot
Call Processing Coercive Testing
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Call Processing
What is a Blocked Call ?
An unmatured call due to unavailability or failure
of resources involved in setting up the call.
Blocked Call Statistics indicates the Grade of
Service provided by the network/cell/cells.

Blocked Call could occur due to :
Paging Failures
Access Failures
SDCCH blocked
TCH blocked
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Call Processing
What is a Dropped Call ?
An abnormal disconnection of a dedicated
resource is a dropped call.

Dropped calls could occur from :
SDCCH Drop
TCH Drop
Handover Failure
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Prevent and Force Handovers
Prevent Handovers
Determine the boundary of the cell
Mobile will ignore handover commands
Call will continue in the same cell till it gets dropped
Used to troubleshoot unexpected handovers

Force Handover
Command the Mobile to change cell during call
Mobile modifies the measurement reports
Network sends the handover command
Used to troubleshoot cell loading problems

Timeslot testing
Mobile is commanded to setup the call on any desired timeslot number
Mobile will keep on attempting call till it is assigned the timeslot
Used to verify the performance and availability of all physical channels
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BTS
Every Mobile has an access class .
Every cell defines the Mobile classes which are barred access.
Ordinary phone will not camp on. Test mobile can ignore cell barring
flag
Used for verifying and troubleshooting cell performance without traffic
Ignore Cell Barring
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GSM Receiver
Measurement Groups
BCH Analyzer
Interference Analyzer
CW Analyzer
Spectrum Analyzer
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BCH Analyzer Measurements
BCH Analyzer measures 2 properties
Power in a GSM channel
Signal Quality of detected BCH

BSIC Decode capability
will slow measurement speed
MUST be a BCH if the BSIC can be decoded (comes from
the synchronization channel)
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BCH Analyzer Measurements
User can set seek window for measurements
Start / Stop channel
Examines ALL frequencies in window

BCH Channel Power measurements
All BCH
Top N (up to 20)
User list (up to 20 frequencies)

Receiver Signal Quality measurement
estimated from the number of bit errors in the Synch channel training
sequence
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CW Analyzer Measurements
Channel Power
Integrates and averages the power in the
user defined channel bandwidths

CW Power
Measures the peak power in the defined
channel bandwidth using the selected RBW
filter

Two measurement modes for each
User defined LIST of frequencies
User defined TRACE - (start; stop; step)
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F1 F2 F3
P
o
w
e
r
RBW
. .
.
CW Power Measurement
F1 F2 F3
P
o
w
e
r
Channel BW
Channel Power Measurement
SameCWPower
NOTSameChannel Power
CW and Channel Power
Measurements
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CH 40
CH 35
CH 29
CH 35
BSIC 33
BSIC 36
BSIC 32
BSIC 35
BSIC 31
'B' NET
'B' NET
'B' NET
'B' NET
'B' NET
CH 34
co-channel
interference
adjacent-
channel
interference
Interference
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Co-channel Interference
Measurement
GSM Specification is 9 dB down
For each component of co-channel
interferers
Carrier to Interference
Carrier to Multi-path
Update rate is around 10 seconds
Link Editor can provide synchronization
to phone channels if a phone is present !
Co-Channel
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Co-channel Measurements
Returned
Measurements Returned by co-channel analysis
Total Power in the Channel in dBm
Primary power of strongest signal path in dBm
Peak deviation (Fading) in dB from primary
power
Ratio of primary power to interference in dB
Primary BSIC
Symbol delay spread (multi-path) graph
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Primary BSIC
Delay Spread Graph
Fading
Primary Power
Total Power
Measurement Channel
Carrier / Interference
Co-channel Measurements Screen
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Adjacent Channel Measurement
Supports 2 channels
use one to monitor the BCH, one for the TCH

GSM Specification is - 9dB for
immediately adjacent channels

Ratio: C
N
to C
N+1
, C
N-1

Link Editor can provide
synchronization to phone channels
if a phone is present !
Adjacent-Channel
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Spectrum Analyzer
Measurements
Spectrum Analyzer VFP
Center freq, Span, RBW
Marker functions - peak
search, marker delta

Takes up a large
amount of disk space to
log measurements
Need to log an entire trace
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Post Processing
Drive Measurements
Software Tools in a PP S/W
Mapping
Time Charts
Data Grid
Layer 3 Message Analysis
Statistics
Sorting,Querying and Filtering
Math Operations
Trouble location- Algorithms

Quality of Service

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