Factors Affecting Completion &

Workover design
A) Objectives.
B) Outline.
Major Reservoir Features.
Rock and Fluid Properties.
Fluid Flow.
Productivity Index & Inflow Performance.
Drive Mechanism.
Data Collection, Analysis.
Major Features Of Reservoirs
Sediments, Porosity and Permeability.
Hydrocarbon formation and movement.
Types of traps:
Structural. Folds, Faults, Dome intrusion.
Stratigraphic. Sand lenses, Unconformity.
Contour Maps.

Reservoir Rock Properties
Matrix
Porosity, Effective porosity
Permeability, Relative permeability.
Fluid saturation
Wettability, interfacial tension & capillarity
Fluid distribution in pore spaces.
Reservoir pressure & Bottom hole flowing
pressure

Reservoir Fluid Properties
Hydrocarbons components.
Phase behavior overview
PVT effects, definition of terms.
Compressibility of rocks and fluid
Formation volume factors
Viscosity
Guidelines for sampling using fluid data
Fluid Flow Through Porous
Rocks
Flow concepts: Fluid type, Geometry, State
of Flow.
Darcys Low
Skin effects, partial penetration, perforation
Horizontal/Vertical permeability variation
Productivity index
Well inflow performance
Reservoir drive mechanism
Introduction
Depletion drive
Black oil, Dry gas, Condensate
Water drive mechanism
Exploitation schemes to utilize drives
Solution gas, Gas cap, Water drive
Geologic factors, layering, fingering
Reservoir pressure.
Performance evaluation, Data
needs
Production records, observation
Data comparison, Decline curves analysis,
mechanical problems, pressure behavior,
fluid analysis.
Down hole information
Drilling/Completion records, Core, log,
DST reports, Workover/Stimulation reports.

II Well Completions
Introduction
The organization is as follows:
1 Design consideration-Completion definition
2 Basic completion types-Configurations
3 Tubing design factors- Inflow performance,
tubing size, weight and coupling
4 Effect of drilling practices- Limitations
Definition of Completion
The completion phase starts when:
The hole drilled to T.D.
Casing cemented in place and any
un-cemented liner landed
A flanged connection on the casing with
which to install the wellhead
It is proper to assume that the completion
begins when the bit drills the first foot of
the productive zone.
Well Planning
Design is critical in new fields
The modern technology should be taken into
consideration to improve any new
completions.
Drilling/Completion design procedure
To estimate the tubing size, proceed with
the following:
1- Test reservoir with drill stem tests.

Well Planning (Cont.)
2-Consider the necessary restriction added by
casing-cement and perforations, and the
effect of sand control if required
3-Consider the necessary restriction of a
constant flow line back pressure.
4-Consider the pressure loss of tubing friction
between formation and surface.
5-Design the production string with required
accessories.
Well Planning (Cont.)
6-Design casing program to allow installation
of optimum tubing string.
7-Predict the setting depth of all casing
elements.
8-Select optimum bit sizes to allow proper
cementing.
9-Consider material availability, logistics, and
service company limitation.
10-Prepare well prognosis.
.
Inflow systems
Illustration of inflow and outflow systems.
Three categories of inflow system.
1- Open hole completions
Advantage and disadvantages
Open hole gravel pack.
2- Uncemented, perforated lineres
Advantage and disadvantages


.
Inflow systems (Cont.)
3- Cased and perforated wells.
Why it is widespread?
Need for optimum cementing
The perforating process
Limitations for sand control
Outflow systems
Single Completion with tubing
- Used for wells produced by Sucker rod
pumps. The tubing hanging in the well with
pump landing nipple.
- The producing fluid level must be above the
pump level.
- The open annulus allows gas to escape to
minimize gas lock.

.
Outflow systems (Cont.)
- Chemicals can be pumped from annulus
Problems:
- Tubing movement with pumping strokes.
- Associated casing and tubing wear.

Outflow systems (Cont.)
Single strings with Packers.
- Used to isolate weak or leaking casing.
- Used to isolate casing since its Burst
strength may be not enough to handle shut
in pressure.
- Used in injection and disposal wells to
protect annulus.
- annulus is filled with protective packer fluid
Outflow systems (Cont.)
Permanent Completions
- Packer should contain rugged slips,
elastomer seal and seal bore
- Tubing would contain seal assemply at the
end.
Installation procedure
Seal bore packers and PBRs
Tubing movement considerations
Outflow systems (Cont.)
Parallel and Concentric Strings
It is commonly used to
- inject chemicals into production string at
bottom of the well
- deliver kill fluids deep in the well to control
gas wells
Multible Completions.
Single string: isolated/commingled

Outflow systems (Cont.)
Parallel duals
PBR and Packer application
Tripple Completion
Tubingless Completions
Concept and limitations
Macaroni strings, Multiple Completion
Tubing Design Factors
Definition, Applications of tubing
Using inflow potential to size tubing
- Tubing selection chart
- Effect of gas weight, friction, surface
pressure.
- IPR from Darcys equation
- Estimating gas column weight
- Friction loss in tubing

Tubing Design Factors
- Calculation procedure
- Data for example calculation
- Perforation restriction effect
Tubing weight, grade selection
The expected tension, burst and collapse
during well life must be taken into
consideration with design safety factor

Tubing Design Factors
Coupling selection/Consideration
Sealing, Recesses, Strength, Metallurgy,
Handling, Make up.

Haw drilling practices affect
completions
Surface/intermediate hole problems
- Change in casing program
- Inability to cement properly
- Casing wear
- Deviation problems, Dog-Leg
Haw drilling practices affect
completions
Drilling problems in producing zone
- Permeability impairment
- Inadequate formation evaluation
- Poor cementing
- Perforating limitations
- Inadequate communication, cooperation
Workover Planning and Problem
Recognition
Objective:
The major points to be described
- What cause abnormal production
- How to test new well performance to
evaluate completion efficiency
- When is a well depleted
- What causes mechanical problems.

Workover Planning and Problem
Recognition
Definition of Servicing and Workover
- Function of service units & Workover rigs
- Categories of workover
Any work after evaluating the performance of
initial completion
Formation modification or treating
Equipment modification or repairing
Recompletion - Any services requires killing

Workover Planning and Problem
Recognition
Workover Planning
- Authority of expenditure (AFE)
Technical support for recommended action,
Proposed procedure and Estimated cost
- Indications of problems
Artificial lift equipment failure, Rapid
decline, Inadequate completion, Depletion
and Mechanical failure

Rapid production decline
The production decline curves is the most
common tool to analyze wells behavior to
spot workover candidates
The possible problem causes are
- Near wellbore permeability loss
Fracture closure, Compaction, Sand grain
Shifting, Fine Migration, Scale deposition,
and Relative permeability effects

Rapid production decline
Restriction by sand fill
When sand inters wellbore, it will sittle
down if the velocity is not enough to be
produced. When it is packed in wellbore, it
will reduce the vertical permeability of
flow. It can be bailed or washed out using
wireline, clean fluids or Nitrogen.


Rapid production decline
Sand control Failure causes
- Improper installation
* The gravel and screen slots were too large
* Gravel was not completely packed around
screen to protect it from high velocity fluid
inflow.
- Perforation tunnel plugging

Rapid production decline
Water or gas coning or fingering
In reservoirs containing water and the
movement of water is bottom water rise, the
critical rate should be calculated and not
exceeded to prevent water coning.
In gas cap reservoirs, the same thing should
be conducted to avoid gas production and
increase GOR.
Rapid production decline
A workover may be conducted in such cases
to isolate water or gas entry such as cement
squeeze, plug backs and liner installation.
Communication between zones.
- Need for zone isolation. It is necessary to:
Prevent unwanted gas or water production
Prevent injected fluid from going out of zone
Isolate treatments to the intended zone.

Rapid production decline
Poor cement Placement.
- Mud channels through cement sheath
- Poor pipe-to cement bonding (micro
annulus)
- Porous and permeable cement
Cement bonding considerations
Cement bond log - Channeled cement may
create problems in later production life
when pressure is depleted.

Rapid production decline
Special problems in Enhanced
recovery
- Sever emulsion formation
- Gas or steam locking of pumps
- Sand dissolution by hot water in gravel
packs.
- Chemical precipitation, scaling or bacteria
build up from injected wells


Rapid production decline
Tubing,Casing, Packer leaks
The string can fail during operation due to
- Corrosion pitting
- Coupling parting due to backoff
- Rod wear
- Tubing wear and corrosion
- Pressure effects (Burst, Collapse)
Rapid production decline
Poor initial performance
First, the productivity index should be
predicted from the wells data and possible
well testing survey.
The causes of low performanceare:
- Permeability impairment by particle
invasion.
- Clay swelling and dispersion

Rapid production decline
- Plugged perforations
Other problems that limit completion success:
- Inaccurate formation evaluation
- Ineffective stimulation, cleanout
- Improper start up program
- Poor tubing design
- Channeled cement
- Poor sand control design

Rapid production decline
Depletion.
- The economic limit
It is vary greatly based on oil price and
production rate
- Reservoir behavior
Rate Vs time production or Vs cumulative
Rapid production decline
Mechanical problems:
- Annulus pressure build up
Packer leak, Sleeve leak, Wellhead seal
failure.
- Sand flow
Gravel pack failure, screen erosion, casing
leak, collapsed casing, cement failure,
compaction.


Rapid production decline
A workover may be conducted in such cases
to isolate water or gas entry such as cement
squeeze, plug backs and liner installation.
Communication between zones.
- Need for zone isolation. It is necessary to:
Prevent unwanted gas or water production
Prevent injected fluid from going out of zone
Isolate treatments to the intended zone.

Rapid production decline
- Excessive gas or water production
Tubing leak, Casing leak, Cement failure,
breakthrough from injector.
Types of workover operations
Stimulation
Hydraulic Fracturing
- Fracture orientation Vs depth
- Application of proppant, acid etching
- Basic fluid additives
- Job design, field operations
Acidizing
- Design considerations for sandstone
Types of workover operations
- Carbonate need additional flow channels
- Field operation, inhibition
Chemical Stimulation
- Objective
- Rock wettability factor
Some things shoul be avoided
- Pumping large amount of untreated water
- Using fresh water for overflush
Types of workover operations
Workovers involving drilling
- Deepining an existing well to new zone
- Underreaming for gravel packing application
- Milling out casing
Swabbing in after well work
- Nitrogen injection
- Under balanced perforating,back surging
Non convential methods
- Explosive stimulation
- Heat stimulation
- Perforating or re perforating