ROLLING RESISTANCE

Rolling resistance, sometimes called rolling friction or rolling drag, is the force
resisting the forward motion of free rolling wheel.
Free rolling motion is motion with all applied moments about spin axis nearly
zero.(Constant velocity).
The primary cause of rolling resistance is hysteresis and permanent deformation.
Perfectly rigid bodies do not exist and both road and wheel are subject to
deformation in the contact zone.
When material enters into this zone and is deformed, springing back to its initial
shape when leaving the zone. To produce this deformation some energy must be
expended that is not completely recovered at the end of the contact because of
the internal damping of the material This energy dissipation is what causes rolling
resistance.
In the case of pneumatic tires, the deformations are always occur only in the
wheel so that the energy dissipated in the tires governs the phenomenon.




s



Basic Cause-
The distribution of the contact
pressure becomes unsymmetrical
when the wheel is rolling and the
resultant Fz moves forward
producing a torque My = Fz*d
about spin axis.

Resistance in the
hub and aerodynamic drag also
contributes to it.

Above fig. shows the velocity
distribution of pneumatic wheel in
contact zone.


Effect of various parameters on rolling resistance
Effect of TEMPERATURE-
When tire begins from cold conditions, temp.
will rise and rolling resistance will go down
over first 20 miles of travel and then system
approaches stable operation.



Effect of INFLATION PRESSURE-
On soft surface like sand high pressure results
in increased ground penetration work and
hence higher coefficients

On medium plastic surfaces effect is negligible

On hard surfaces resistance decreases since
flexure work will be greatly reduced


Effect of VELOCITY-
As speed increases ,flexing work, vibration also
inncreases which increses resistance.
The effect increses, when combined with lower
inflation pressure.
High upturn in the curve is caused by high
energy standing wave.
Bias belted tyres are composed of multiple
layers of nylon,rayon,fibreglass wound on the
surface
Effect of SLIP-
Slip angle or sideslip angle

is the angle
between a rolling wheel's actual direction
and the direction towards which it is pointing.

Effect of ROLLING RADIUS-
Increase in radius decreases the rolling
resistance.






Effect of CONTACT SURFACE AREA-

As area of contact increases,rolling resistance also
increases.


Typical resistance coefficients
FORMULAE-
At low speeds, resistance increases almost linearly,



Over broad range of speeds, it follows speed squared
relationship


Where ,


Net rolling resistance including traction,braking,slip ratio is
given by,




TRANSMISSION
Transmission refers simply to the gearbox that uses gear and gear trains to
provide speed and torque conversions from a rotating power source to
another device
Position of Transmission in vehicle-

Fig shows four wheel drive arrangement. This type provide
maximum traction for offroad drive
Types of Transmission
1) Manual Transmission

2) Automatic Transmission

3) Semiautomatic Transmission

1)Double Clutch Transmission

2)Sequential Transmission

4)Continuously Variable Transmission
MANUAL TRANSMISSION
Figure shows 5 speed manual transmission
with 1 reverse gear.

Power is transmitted from engine to clutch
mechanism and then to clutch shaft

Counter shaft gears are always in mesh but
gears on main shaft can freely rotate or can
be locked to the shaft.

The locking mechanism for a gear consists of
a dog collar on the shaft which is able to slide
sideways

Required gear ratio can be obtained after
locking the dog collar with corresponding
main shaft gear.
Automatic transmission
An automatic transmission (also called automatic
gearbox) can automatically change gear ratios as the
vehicle moves, freeing the driver from having to
shift gears manually.

An automatic uses a torque converter instead of a
clutch to manage the connection between the
transmission gearing and the engine

It has an arrangement of planetary gearset
consisting of sun gear, planetary pinion carrier and
ring gear.

Costruction and working of torque convertor
SEMIAUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION
It can be described as two separate manual transmissions with their respective clutches contained
within one housing, and working as one unit.
[
They are usually operated in a fully automatic mode.
Shifts can be obtained without interrupting torque distribution.
Clutches-either two wet multi-plate clutches which are bathed in oil (for cooling), or two dry
single-plate clutches.
1) DOUBLE CLUTCH TRANSMISSION
2) SEQUENTIAL TRANSMISSION
Type of manual transmission where gears must be selected in order
Direct access to specific gears is not possible.
Use of the clutch via foot paddle can be minimized, with the clutch only used
for starting .
Uses - f1 cars, motorcycles.


CONTINUOUSLY VARYING TRANSMISSION
A continuously variable transmission (CVT) can
change itself through an infinite number of
effective gear ratios between maximum and
minimum values
It can be used to maximize the performance of a
vehicle by allowing the engine to turn at the
RPM at which it produces peak power.
CVT does not strictly require the presence of a
clutch.
It has some disadvantages as follows
high frictional losses, low torque transfer ability
and durability, low shock resistance.

CVT is a type automatic transmission.
Uses-
many small tractor, drill presses, milling
machines,scooter.