CONCRETE

Prepared by: Siti Khadijah Bt Hubadillah

CHAPT
ER 3
BASIC PROPERTIES OF
CONCRETE
-Materials in concrete mixture
(_________________________________________
_______________________________________).
- Concrete strength according to materials composition.
- Differentiate concrete from other _________________________.

DEFINITION OF CONCRETE
Concrete is a
______________________________________________________
_______________are mixed and blended according to mix ratio allowed to
harden to form a structural member.
MATERIALS OF CONCRETE
MIX
CEMENT
It is a basic ingredient of _________, _________, and _________.
Material produced by burning a mixture of _________ and _______.
Is the product obtained by grinding clinker formed by burning raw-materials
(argillaceous and calcareous) primarily consisting of lime (CaO), silicate
(SiO2), alumina (Al2O3), and iron oxide (Fe2O3).
Have two type is _________ or non _________.
Argillaceous + Calcareous
Silica
Lime
Alumina
Ferum Oxide
Argillaceous Clay, sandstone, shale
Calcareous limestone, chalk
Hydraulic cement able to set and harden under water e.g. OPC, Slag
Cement, ggbs
Non-Hydarulic cement will not set and harden under water but require air
to harden e.g. lime, gypsum

AGGREGATE
Classified by ASTM C33 is fine and coarse.

Fine Aggregate
Consists of source is river sand, mining sand and sea sand.
Size less than 5mm (___________________)

Coarse Aggregate.
Consists of source is lime stone, granite and sand stone.
Size more than 5 mm. (_________________)
AGGREGATE
_________ sharp angular,
particles, fro quarry, rough surface,
good bond strength, low workability
_________ round shapes, smooth
surface, from river, low bonding
properties, high workability
Water
Materials of _________________.
Clean no (__________________________________)
Water cement ratio (BS 0.45 0.65)
Purpose
For hydration and workability
Washing
Curing
ADMIXTURE
Material added to concrete or mortar to _________________________at
the fresh / hardened.
Purpose
Increased plasticity, accelerating the setting, improving the strength development, and
reducing the heat of hydration
Some modify workability characteristics and setting rate of fresh concrete, others change the
properties both at mixing and hardened stages.

Introduced before, during or after mixing
ADMIXTURE





______________________ _______________________
CONCRETE STRENGTH
ACCORDING TO MATERIALS
COMPOSITION
Quality material material used.
______________.
Grading of ______________.
Volume of water used.
Compaction when placed in the mold.
Preservation are carried out ______________.
_____________ and transport.
Curing.
DIFFERENTIATE CONCRETE
FROM OTHER CIVIL
ENGINEERING MATERIALS
Strength
Low cost
Readily available
Malleable
Hardy
Fire resistance
Tidy
Not shrink
BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF
CEMENT
__________ of cement in the market.
Chemical composition of __________.
_________________of water in cement.
Function of chemical substances in cement.

INTRODUCTION OF CEMENT
Cement is a _____________ produced by
_____________________________. Properties of cement is cohesive and
adhesion, which enable it to bind the component materials
_________________________ to be compact.
TYPES OF CEMENT
________________________(OPC)
Rapid Hardening Portland (_______)
Low Heat Portland Cement (LHPC)
_________________________(SRPC)
___________ Portland Cement (MPC)
__________________________(PBC)
High Aluminium Portland Cement (HAPC)
ORDINARY PORTLAND
CEMENT (OPC)
By far the most common cement used in general concrete construction
when there is no exposure to sulphates in the soil or groundwater.
Minimum ________________ m2/kg.
Rate of hardening is _______________.
Standards; BS 12, MS 522

RAPID HARDENING
PORTLAND CEMENT (RHPC)
______________ gain due to higher C3S content (70%).
Minimum fineness of _____________.
_______________is to be removed early for reuse or where sufficient
strength for further construction is required quickly.
Should not be used in mass concrete construction or in large structural
sections because of its higher rate of heat development.
For construction at low temperatures, the use of ______ may provide a
satisfactory safeguard against early frost damage.
The setting time and chemical composition of _____ and ____ is reatively
the same.
SULPHATE RESISTING
PORTLAND CEMENT (SRPC)
This cement has ____ C3A (3.5%) content so as to
________________attack from outside the concrete.
Minimum ___________ of 250 m2/kg.
Active salts are _____________ and ______________.
_________________is greatly accelerated if accompanied by wetting and
drying (splash zone).
The heat develop by _____ is not much higher than the low-heat cement,
which is an advantage.
CONT.
For construction at low temperatures, the use of RHPC may provide a
satisfactory safeguard against early ________________.
The setting time and chemical composition of ______ and _______ is
relatively the same.
LOW HEAT PORTLAND
CEMENT (LHPC)
Cement is used to prevent cracks due to the increase in
___________________ during _____________.
This cement has a slower rate of increase in strength but did not change its
_________________.
Cement was used to build large structures.
MODIFIED PORTLAND
CEMENT
Cement produces less heat than normal Portland cement, sulphate
resistant to the attack is simple.
__________________________is modified by adding chemicals to be
adjusted to the use.
PORTLAND-BLASTFURNACE
CEMENT (PBC)
Made by intergrinding or blending Portland cement clinker with granulated
blastfurnace slag.
Known as ______________.
Slag contains _____, _______ and ________, but did not in the same
proportions as in Portland cement.
Minimum fineness of _____ m2/kg.
Early strength are generally lower than OPC but later strength are similar or
even higher.
CONT.
Typical uses are in mass concrete because of low heat of hydration and in
seawater construction due to better sulphate resistance (___________) than
with the OPC.
The amount of slag replacement between 25 to 70% of the mass of the
mixture.
HIGH ALUMINIUM PORTLAND
CEMENT (HAPC)
Contain high ________, called ________________.
Be resistant to ______________, quickly hardened.
The slow freezing of the OPC, but the freeze will apply immediately for a
four to five hours and thirty minutes to freeze expired.

FACTORS THAT CAN AFFECT
THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
OF CONCRETE.

1. Quality of Raw Materials:
Cement: Provided the ____________________ standard and it has been
stored correctly (i.e. in dry conditions), it should be suitable for use in
concrete.
_______________: Quality of aggregates, its size, shape, texture, strength
etc determines the strength of concrete. The presence of salts (chlorides and
sulphates), silt and clay also reduces the strength of concrete.
Water: This criterion though is not absolute and reference should be made
to respective codes for testing of _______________________.

2. Water / Cement Ratio:
The _________ the water/cement ratio, the greater the initial spacing
between the cement grains and the greater the volume of residual voids not
filled by hydration products.
3. Coarse / fine aggregate ratio:
If the proportion of fines is increased in relation to the ______________, the
overall aggregate surface area will increase.
If the surface area of the aggregate has increased, the water demand will
also increase.
Assuming the water demand _______________ , the water cement ratio will
increase.
Since the water cement ratio has increased, the compressive strength will
decrease.

4. Compaction of concrete:
Any entrapped air resulting from inadequate compaction of the plastic
concrete will lead to a reduction in strength.
If there was ___% trapped air in the concrete, the strength will fall down in
the range of __________%.
5. Relative humidity:
If the concrete is allowed to dry out, the hydration reaction will stop. The
hydration reaction cannot _________________.
6. Curing:
It should be clear from what has been said above that the detrimental effects
of storage of concrete in a dry environment can be reduced if the concrete is
adequately cured to _________________________.
HYDRATION PROCESS
CEMENT
WATER
HYDRATION
PROCESS
PASTA
CEMENT
AGGREGATE
(FINE &
COARSE)
CONCRETE
HYDRATION PROCESS
CYCLE
When the materials are mixed water and cement together through a
chemical process called _____________ and produce a _____________.
Cement paste acts as a binder with ____________ to produce a
__________.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION IN
CEMENT
Compound Chemical
Formula
Abb. Percent (range) Rate of reaction
with water
Tricalcium silicate 3CaO. SiO2 C3S 35-65% Medium
Dicalcium Silicate 2Cao.SiO2 C2S 15-40% Slow
Tricalcium
Aluminate
3CaO.Al2O3 C3A 0-15% Fast
Tetracalcium
Aluminoferrite
4CaO.Al2.Fe2O3 C4AF 6-20% Medium
CHEMICAL FUNCTIONS
C3S for faster gain in __________ and produces higher _______________.
C2S reacts slowly, provide later strength, highly chemical resistance
(sulphate, chloride)
C3A is __________, contribute little or nothing to the strength of cement
except at early ages.
C4AF does affect the __________________hydration significantly.
STORAGE METHOD OF
CEMENT
Storage method in a factory.
i. ___________
ii. __________________
CEMENT BAG
Stored in ________________.
An area that is suitable for ____________________.
The floor is _____.
All have opening and closing can be closed.
Arranged vertically not more than ______ (5ft).
Space platform from the floor is least ______ and ______ from the wall.
CEMENT
23cm
1 m @
5 feets
30cm
SILO
Stored in _______________ to prevent freezing of the air.
Should be in a ___________.
Examination should be done regularly.
An area that is suitable for good air circulation.
Avoid ________, if the bag of _______________or rupture work in a
controlled and effective storage.
_________ is a place to store the cement at the concrete mixing plant.
SILO METHOD

FINE AGGREGATE AND
CORASE AGGREGATE
Criteria of __________.
_____________ of aggregate
CRITERIA OF AGGREGATE
Size
Shape
Surface Texture
Grading
PROPERTIES OF
AGGREGATES
A number of physical and ____________________affect _________,
_________, and ____________ of construction products manufactured
using aggregates.
The aggregates particles should retain their strength, ________, and
texture when used with materials such as _________.
MECHANICAL
Compressive strength
Specific gravity
Bulk density
Porosity
Voids
Absorption
Modulus of elasticity
Moisture content
Shrinkage
Grading and fineness
Chemical reactivity

PROPERTIES OF WATER
USED IN CONCRETE MIX
Quality of _____________ mixture.
______________ in concrete mixture.
QUALITY OF WATER IN
CONCRETE MIXTURE
The water used for mixing and curing should be clean and free from
________, acid, _______, salt, ________, organic materials.
________ is filt drink or taken from an approved source.
The pH value of water should be not less ________.
THE ROLE OF WATER IN
CONCRETE MIXTURE
spreading ____________ (or lime) for each item covered by the meeting
stone.
Water to give _______________ on concrete mix.
Water is a __________________ of the cement to bind all the stones in the
concrete mix.
BASIC CONCRETE OF
CONCRETE MIX
Define of concrete mixture.
Types of ___________.
Relation of mix ratio and strength.
Types of mixture :
i. Standard Mix/ Fixed Mix
ii. Design Mix
iii. Nominal Mix
CONCRETE MIXTURE
Define
Concrete mix design is a
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_________.
TYPES OF MIX RATIO
Ratio used
1 : 5 : 10 wall on site in for the working hard soil, box
culvent
1 : 3 : 6 Concrete floor, body
1 : 2 : 4 Reinforced concrete footing, slab, columns,
beams, and other.
1 : 1.5 : 3 Prestressed concrete, tanks, and others.
THE RELATION OF MIX RATIO
AND STRENGTH
Concrete Grade Strength (N/mm 2) Uses
7 7 Concrete without
reinforcement
10 10
15 15 Reinforced concrete with
lightweight aggregates
20 20 Reinforced concrete with
aggregate volume
25 25
30 30 First reinforced concrete firm
40 40 Stressed reinforced concrete
50 50
STANDARD MIX
Mixing based on the weight.
Refer specification on BS (CP 110)
At the construction site contractor must be followed the consultant based
the BS (CP 110)
DESIGN MIX
Mixing rate ______________.
The contractor is responsible for _______________________ for the
strength and level of work performed.
Some of the mixture should be modified in the mix.
NOMINAL MIX
Mixing based on the __________ and ___________.
Mix set was to have only _________________.
Not recommended at construction site.
Can be carried out with the weight if the density have given.
Density (D) = ____________ / _____________
EXAMPLE 1
Calculate the mass of material which is needed for nominal mix with ratio 1 :
2 : 4 based on 150 kg cement, where mixing is done based on mass :

Given the density of materials :
Cement = 1440 kg/m3
Fine aggregate = 1640 kg/m3
Coarse aggregate = 1390 kg/m3
SOLUTION
V = M/D , M = V x D

a) Volume of cement =
150
1440 /3
= 0.104 m3
b) Volume of fine aggregate = 0.104 x 2 (mix ratio) = 0.208 m3
Mass of fine aggregate = 1640 kg/m3 x 0.208 m3
= 341 kg
c) Volume of coarse aggregate = 0.104 m3 x 4 (mix ratio) = 0.416 m3
Mass of coarse aggregate = 0.416 m3 x 1390 kg/m3 = 578 kg
d) Volume of water = 0.55 x 150 kg (cement)
= 82.5 kg
FRESH CONCRETE
Describe fresh concrete and workability
The factor influencing workability :
a) Water / cement ratio
b) Aggregates / cement ratio
c) Shape and texture
d) Additives substance
FRESH CONCRETE
concrete mix design is a process of selecting the materials in concrete mix
and can be ____________________________________.
WORKABILITY
Work from mixing to placed concrete in the mould.
It represent the ability of concrete to be
_________________________________.
FACTORS INFLUENCING
WORKABILITY
Water / cement ratio
To produce concrete mixes that are plastic and easily worked.
Water should be used more than the limit, ____________________ of
concrete is reduced.
If the water used ____________, the concrete will be difficult to do and the
hydration process is not perfect.
Relationship between the _____________________ in the concrete mix is
known as the ratio of water cement.
Aggregate / cement ratio
_______________________shall consist of a variety of sizes to produce a
minimum hole.
Cement consumption should be ____________ to fill the holes in the sand
and cement and sand enough to cover the hole in the coarse aggregates.

Shape and texture
____________ a smooth surface can provide a good workability, but has
_______
____________________.
Aggregates a rough surface produces a _____________, but the bond
_________.
Additives substance
additive can given mixed into the __________ during the mixing progress.
to increase or modify the ____________ on the concrete.
both these materials, _____________ and ingredients added to the
concrete advantages.
ADDITIVES (ADMIXTURE) IN
CONCRETE MIXTURE
Define of admixture.
Types of admixture
a. Catalyzing Substances.
b. Retarding Substances.
c. Water Decreasig Substances.
d. Plasticizing Substances
e. Air Trapping Additives
DEFINE OF ADMIXTURE
Agent chemical are include in concrete or mortar to change the properties
at the fresh and hard concrete.
Have ___ group is chemical and mineral.
Function :
i. To modify the workability characteristic.
ii. To setting (hydration) rate of fresh concrete.
iii. To change the properties of concrete.
TYPES OF ADMIXTURE
Catalyzing Substances
accelerator materials are calcium chloride.
to increase the rate of concrete strength.
Adverse effects of corrosion on the bars of bones.

Retarding Substances
act delay the process of chemical reaction during the hydration process.
helpful for concrete to be transported to long distance.
used at hot area location
Admixture is calcium sulphate and gypsum.
Water decreasing substances
admixture is ___________.
To increase the workability so that placing the concrete it ease.
to increase the volume of _______ in concrete mix.
Designed to resist ________.

Plasticizing Substances
Active at the ________ that helps cement the more effective spread in the
______.
When the material is blended in the concrete it will speed up the properties
of cohesion.
small quantities have to use ____ % by ______ of cement.
SUPER PLASTICIZERS
___________________ (superplasticizers)
are surface-active chemicals. It can separate
the ___________ particles by increasing the
static charge on the _______________ and
thus releasing the water _________ by
cement particle clusters (see Figure). More
water is then available to __________ the
mix.

Function:
To produce high strength concrete at w/c
ratio in a range of ___________.
To create "flowing" concrete with high
slumps in the range of ____________.
____________ and retarder are ____________ that can be added to the
concrete mix to modify certain characteristic of the mix.
accelerator retarder
It has the added benefit of
increasing the rate of
strength development.
Retarders cannot alter
weather conditions such as
high temperature, wind or
low humidity, all of which
greatly affect plaster
performance.
Accelerators can shorten the
period between rodding and
floating or finish texturing.
They slow the hydration
process, they do not insure
the retention of the mix
water.
Air Trapping Additives
As small quantity include in mixture.
This agent can shape are bubble to
i. Increase the workability.
ii. Reduce of bleeding and segregation.
iii. Improve the strength of concrete.
Materials of agent is :
a) Natural materials (wood resin)
b) Oilly plant (___________________)
c) Fresh agent (alkali salt & organic sulphate)
d) ________________(resin acids & fat acids of plants)
e) Sodium salt of ______________ (petroleum, hydrogen peroxide and
aluminium)
CONCRETE TEST
Destructive test:
will render the part unusable for its intended purpose (e.g. it is cut up for
analysis, or fatigue tested for life).
Non Destructive Test
Estimating the in-situ compressive strength
Estimating the uniformity and homogeneity
Estimating the quality in relation to standard requirement

EXAMPLE
Destructive test:


Non Destructie test:
Strength estimation of concrete
Corrosion assessment and monitoring
Detecting defects in concrete structure
Laboratory tests
STANDARD LABORATORY
TESTING FOR CEMENT AND
AGGREGATE
Laboratory testing for cement
Fineness test
Mortar test (cube cement test)
Softening point
Laboratory testing for fine aggregate
Silt @ Dust test
Sieve test (particle size distribution)
Laboratory testing for coarse aggregate
Sieve test (Particle Size Distribution)
SLUMP TEST
The slump of concrete carriageway is purposely specified to be a relatively low
value, i.e. ______. For concrete carriageway, traffic loads directly act on
concrete pavement surface and therefore the ________ is detrimental to its
future performance.
In freshly placed concrete, segregation (may be in the form of bleeding) occurs
within the mixture of ______________ and __________. The degree of
resistance to segregation is related to _____________ of concrete.
If substantial ___________ is allowed to take place, then the relatively porous
and weak laitance layer will be formed on the carriageway surface and the
____________ will concentrate in the bottom. Hence, concrete which has
insignificant bleed possesses a stronger surface layer and is
___________________. Consequently, a small slump value is specified to
increase the wearing resistance of concrete and to achieve a suitable
______________ of concrete pavements.
Therefore, high slump concrete is _______________for a structure that is
continuously exposed to the external load on its surface, for example,
______________ for highway.
READY MIX CONCRETE
Advantage:
Speedy construction through continuous
_______________________________
Disadvantage:
Since RMC is a bought ____________________ by about 10 to 15% than
concrete mixed at site