LINES AND PLANES

IN
3-DIMENSIONS
CHAPTER 11
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE
MATHEMATICS FORM 4


3 Different types of dimensions
One surface
length and width
more than one surface
length, width and height
A line
Only has length
Two- Dimensional Three- Dimensional One- Dimensional
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE
MATHEMATICS FORM 4
Pythagoras Theorem
Trigonometric Ratios
c
b
a
11.1 ANGLE BETWEEN LINES AND PLANES
MATHEMATICS FORM 4
A. Identify Plane
PLANE: is a flat surface





Plane
Not a
Plane
11.1 ANGLE BETWEEN LINES AND PLANES
MATHEMATICS FORM 4
3 types of plane
Vertical plane Inclined plane Horizontal plane
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
Vertical plane
Inclined plane
Activity 1
MATHEMATICS FORM 4
1. According to the prism below. Name the specific
plane.

A
E
H
D
G
C
B
F
Horizontal plane
ABFE
DHGC

Vertical plane
ABCD
EFGH
ADHE

Inclined plane
BFGC

11.1 ANGLE BETWEEN LINES AND PLANES
MATHEMATICS FORM 4
B. Identify Lines

A
B
C
D
Lines that lie on a plane
11.1 ANGLE BETWEEN LINES AND PLANES
MATHEMATICS FORM 4
Lines that intersect with a plane
A
B
C
D
11.1 ANGLE BETWEEN LINES AND PLANES
MATHEMATICS FORM 4
Normal to a plane
Y
P Q
R
S
X
Definition:
Normal to a plane is a perpendicular straight line
to the intersection of any lines on the plane.

Normal to a plane
Activity 2
MATHEMATICS FORM 4
1. Identify the normal(s) to each of the given planes.

A
E
H
D
G
C
B
F
Example:
Normal to the plane ADHE are
Answer:
AB, DC, EF and HG
Activity 2
MATHEMATICS FORM 4
A
E
H
D
G
C
B
F
(a) Normal to the plane CDHG are
AD and HE
(b) Normal to the plane BCGF are
No normal line
11.1 ANGLE BETWEEN LINES AND PLANES
MATHEMATICS FORM 4
Orthogonal Projection

Definition:
Is a perpendicular projection of the object on a plane.

P
Q
R S
B
A
Orthogonal projection
of line AB on the plane
PQRS
Plane at bottom
Plane at top
Plane at right hand side
Plane at left hand side
Plane at the back
Plane in front
REMEMBER THIS
MATHEMATICS FORM 4
Imagine
Screen=PLANE
Object=LINE
Activity 3
MATHEMATICS FORM 4
1. Find the orthogonal projection of a given line on a
specific plane given.

A
B
C D
P Q
R
S
Line Plane Orthogonal
Projection
a) AC ADSP AD
b) BD DCRS CD
c) AR PQRS PR
d) PC ABCD AC
e) QC DCRS RC
f) DQ PQRS SQ
Angle between a line and a plane
MATHEMATICS FORM 4
P
Q
R S
B
A
Orthogonal projection
of line AB on the plane
PQRS is line AC
C
BC is normal to the
plane PQRS
Angle between the line AB and the plane PQRS is the angle form between
the line AB and the orthogonal projection on the plane.
ANSWER:
TECHNIQUE
MATHEMATICS FORM 4
__ __ __
Point
NOT TOUCH
on plane
Point
TOUCH
on plane
NORMAL
of not touch
point on plane
Angle between a line and a plane
P
Q
R S
B
A
__ __ __

Identify the angle between the line AB
and the plane PQRS
NOT TOUCH TOUCH NORMAL
C
A B
C
Based on the diagram, name the
angles between the following:
Answers
Activity 4
NOT
TOUCH
TOUCH NORMAL

B A
C
D
P Q
R
S
(a) Line BR and plane ABCD
(b) Line AS and plane ABCD
(c) Line AR and plane CDSR
(d) Line BS and plane PQRS
__ __ __

B R C
__ __ __

A S D
__ __ __

R A D
__ __ __

S B Q
Activity 5
MATHEMATICS FORM 4
1. Identify the angle of the line and the plane given.

A
B
C D
P Q
R
S
Line Plane Angle

a) AC ADSP CAD
b) BD DCRS
BDC
c) AR PQRS
ARP
d) PC ABCD
PCA
e) QC DCRS
QCR
f) DQ PQRS
DQS
Based on the diagram,
(a)Identify the angle between the
line PB and the plane ABCD.
B
A
C
D
P
Q
R S
3 cm
4 cm
Example 1
(b) Hence, calculate the angle
between the line PB and the
plane ABCD.
__ __ __

B P
A
Not
Touch
Touch
Normal
of P
4 cm
B
P
A
3cm
tan PBA =
PBA = tan
-1

PBA = 3652
A
B
C D
P Q
R S
(a) Find the angle between the line
SB and the plane ABCD.
(b) Calculate the angle between the
line SB and the plane ABCD if
SB = 19cm and BD= 13 cm.
D B
13 cm
19 cm
S
Example 2
__ __ __

B S
D
Not
Touch
Touch
Normal
of S
H
A
cos SBD =
SBD = cos
-1

SBD= 4650
MATHEMATICS FORM 4
Example 3 (SPM 2006 PAPER 2)
Diagram shows a right prism. The base PQRS is
a horizontal rectangle. The right angled triangle
UPQ is the uniform cross section of the prism.
Identify and calculate the angle between the
line RU and the base PQRS. [3 marks]
__ __ __

R U P Identify angle
P R
9 cm
U
S
T
U
P Q
R
5 cm
9 cm
Calculate
angle
tan URP=
URP = tan
-1

URP= 3442
13 cm
MATHEMATICS FORM 4
Example 4(SPM 2008 PAPER 2)
E
H
A
B
C
G
D
F
M
8cm
Diagram shows a cuboid. M is the midpoint of
the side EH and AM = 15 cm.
a) Name the angle between the line AM and
the plane ADEF
b) Calculate the angle between the line AM
and the plane ADEF
[3 marks]
(a) __ __ __

A M E Name angle
(b)
E
A
M
4cm
15 cm
sin MAE=
MAE= sin
-1

MAE= 1528
H
O
T
U
P
Q
R
S
V
5 cm
MATHEMATICS FORM 4
Example 5 (SPM 2007 PAPER 2)
Diagram shows a right prism. The base PQRS
Is a horizontal rectangle. Right-angled triangle
QRU is the uniform cross section of the prism.
V is the midpoint of PS.
Identify and calculate the angle between the
line UV and the plane RSTU. [3 marks]
__ __ __

U V S
S
U
8cm
V
Identify angle
Calculate
angle
13 cm
tan VUS=
VUS= tan
-1

VUS= 3136
MATHEMATICS FORM 4
11.2 ANGLE BETWEEN PLANES AND PLANES
Identify the angle between the plane ABCD and the plane BCEF.
A B
C
D
E
A B
C D
__ __ __

E D C
E
F
F
__ __ __

F A B
MATHEMATICS FORM 4
11.1 ANGLE BETWEEN PLANES AND PLANES
Identify the angle between the plane ABCD and the plane BCF.
A B
C
D
A B
C D
__ __ __

A F B
F
F
MATHEMATICS FORM 4
11.1 ANGLE BETWEEN PLANES AND PLANES
Identify the angle between the plane ABC and the plane BCD.
A B
C
A B
C
__ __ __

F A B
F
F
MATHEMATICS FORM 4
11.1 ANGLE BETWEEN PLANES AND PLANES
Identify the angle between the plane ABCD and the plane BCE.
A B
C
D
E
A B
C D
E
__ __ __

G E F
F
G
F G
SPM 2006 (PAPER 1)
MATHEMATICS FORM 4
1) Name the angle between the plane PQWT and the
plane SRWT.
Q
P
R
S
V
U
W
T
__ __ __

S P T
__ __ __

R Q W
OR
MATHEMATICS FORM 4
2) Vertex P is vertically above T. Name the angle
between the plane PTS and the plane PTQ.

SPM 2007 (PAPER 1)
Q
P
R
S
T
__ __ __

S Q T
MATHEMATICS FORM 4
3) What is the angle between the plane STU and the
base QSTV.

SPM 2008 (PAPER 1)
__ __ __

V U T
S
T
U
P
Q
V
MATHEMATICS FORM 4
3) Given M and N is the midpoint of the line QR and PS. Name
the angle between the plane VQR and the base PQRS.

SPM 2009 (PAPER 1)
__ __ __

N V M
Q
R
U
S
P
V
M
N
SPM 2010 (PAPER 2)
MATHEMATICS FORM 4
Diagram in the answer space shows a right prism. The base CDHG is a horizontal
rectangle. Trapezium ABCD is the uniform cross section of the prism.
(a) On diagram in the answer space, mark the angle between the plane BCGF and
the base CDHG .
(b) Hence, calculate the angle between the plane BCGF and the base CDHG.
[3 marks]
Answer :
(a)
Mark
A
E
H
D
G
C
B
F
21 cm
13 cm
2 cm
(b)
X C
19 cm
13 cm
B
tan BCD =
BCD= tan
-1

BCD= 3423
SPM 2005 (PAPER 2)
MATHEMATICS FORM 4
Diagram shows a right prism. Right-angled triangle PQR is the uniform cross
section of the prism.
(a) Name the angle between the plane RTU and
the plane PQTU.
(b) Hence, calculate the angle between
the plane RTU and the base PQTU.
[3 marks]
Answer :
(a)
(b)
Q R
12 cm
18 cm
T
tan RTQ=
RTQ= tan
-1

RTQ= 3341
__ __ __

T R Q
R
P
Q
S
U
T 12 cm
5 cm
18 cm
MATHEMATICS FORM 4
SPM 2009 (PAPER 2)
Diagram below shows a cuboid with horizontal base ABCD. J is the midpoint of the
side AF.
(a) Name the angle between the plane BCJ
and the base ABCD.
(b) Calculate the angle between the plane
BCJ and the base ABCD.
[3 marks]
Answer :
(a)
__ __ __

B J A
6 cm
8 cm
E
H
A
B
C
G
D
F
10 cm
J
(b)
A
B
10 cm
4 cm
J
tan JBA=
JBA= tan
-1

JBA= 2148
Example (PAPER 2)
__ __ __

N V M
Diagram shows a right pyramid. V is the vertex of the pyramid and the base PQRS is
a horizontal square. M and N is the midpoint of QR and PS. The height of the pyramid
is 11 cm.
Identify and calculate the angle between
the plane VQR and the base PQRS.
[3 marks]
Q
R
U
S
P
V
M
N
10 cm
5 cm
11 cm
V
M
X
tan VMX=
VMX= tan
-1

VMX= 6533