Bella Rhea Lavifa. S.

(120210153038)
Sakalus Wepe
(120210153038)
Nur Kholifatun Nisa
(120210153038)
Maya Umi Hajar
(120210153050)
Saltsa Ridlotul J.
(120210153055)

Mitochondria are the sites of cellular respiration, the
metabolic process that generates ATP by extracting energy
from sugars, fats, and other fuels with the help of oxygen.

Function.....
convert energy to forms that cells canuse
for work.
General Characteristics.....

Enclosed by membranes, they are not part of the endomembrane system.
Mitochondria have two membranes separating their innermost space from the
cytosol.
The membrane proteins of mitochondria are made not by ribosomes bound to the
ER, but by free ribosomes in the cytosol and by ribosomes contained within these
organelles themselves.
Contain a small amount of DNA that programs the synthesis of the proteins made
on the organelle's ribosomes.

General Characteristics.....

Mitochondria are semiautonomous organelles that grow and reproduce within the
cell.
Mitochondria are found in nearly all eukaryotic cells, including those of plants,
animals, fungi, and most protists.
Mitochondria are about 1-10 11m long.
mitochondria moving around, changing their shapes, and fusing or dividing in two.
OUTER MEMBRANE
Consist of :
Protein that called porin
lipid
The outer membrane is smooth, outer membrane completely permeable to nutrient
molecules, ions, and molecules of ATP ADP. In addition, the outer membrane also
contains enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of lipids and enzymes involved in lipid
transport processes into the matrix to undergo -oxidation.


INNER MEMBRANE
Inner Membranes is more complex in structure than the outer membrane
because it contains a complex of the electron transport chain and ATP
synthetase complex.
Inner membrane protein involved in oxidative phosphorylation reactions, ATP
synthase functioning form ATP in the mitochondrial matrix, as well as
transport proteins that regulate the passage of metabolites from the matrix
across the membrane.
INTERMEMBRANE SPACE
In the mitochondrial matrix contained genetic material, known as mitkondria
DNA (mtDNA), ribosomes, ATP, ADP, and inorganic phosphate ions such as
magnesium, calcium and potassium.
MATRIX
The matrix is a complex mixture of enzymes that are essential for the
synthesis of ATP, special mitochondrial ribosomes, RNA and
mitochondrial DNA. In addition, it has oxygen, carbon dioxide and
other recyclable intermediates.
DNA MITOCHONDRIA
The mitochondria DNA encodes other
organelle proteins that are synthesized
on ribosomes within the organelle, using
organelle-produced mRNA to specify
their amino acid sequence.
The processes of organelle DNA
transcription, protein synthesis, and DNA
replication take place where the genome
is located in the matrix of mitochondria.
DNA mitochondria have function to
regulate the intracellular respiration
process, fission and fussion of
mitochondria.

Different Between DNA Mitochondria
and DNA Nucleus
DNA Mitochondria DNA Nucleus
Have a lot of amount than DNA nucleus Have a little of amount than DNA mitochondria

DNA mitochondria just generated by Moms Cells

DNA nucleus generated by Parents Cells
Smaller genome Bigger genome
In mitochondria matrix In nucleus of cells
Circular DNA mitochondria, double helix.

Not circular, double helix
Metabolism Process in Mitochondria
KREB CYCLE
TRANSPORT
ELECTRON PROCESS
Kreb Cycle in Mitochondria
kreb cycle in occurs in matrixs of
mitochondria.
In kreb cycle
Piruvat acid 2 ATP + 3 NADH+1 FADH

NADH
+ CO
2

NADH + CO
2

NADH
FADH
CO
2
The process of kreb cycle in 9
reaction :
1. condensation
2 and 3. Isomeration
4. primary oxydation
5. secondary oxydation
6. phosphorilation
7. third oxydation
8 and 9. oxaloasetat back
formation

Transport elektron
Sistem Transpor Elektron melibatkan 5 kompleks
protein
Complex I (NADH-coenzyme Q oxidoreductase or NADH dehydrogenase)
Complex II (Succinate-Q oxidoreductase or Succinate dehydrogenase)
Complex III (Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase)
Complex IV (Cytochrome c oxidase)
ATP Synthase

ATP
SYNTHASE

10 NADH + 50
2
> 10 NAD+ + 10 H
2
0 30 ATP

2 FADH
2
+ O
2
> 2 PAD + 2 H
2
0 4 ATP

Life Cycle of
Mitochondria
Parkinsons Disease
Parkinson's disease is a brain
disorder that causes a gradual
loss of muscle control. The
symptoms of Parkinson's tend
to be mild at first and can
sometimes be overlooked.
Distinctive signs of the
disease include tremors,
stiffness, slowed body
movements, and poor
balance.
Alzheimers Disease
Beta amyloid increases nitric
oxide, which activates DRP
causing fission and neuronal
damage. One way that motility
is impaired is with too much of
the molecule tau (which holds
microtubules together and is
part of Alzheimers pathology)
then there is no fusion and
mitochondria become shorter.
Huntingtons Disorder
Too much Huntingtin protein
(the critical abnormal protein
in Huntingtons), stops fusion
and mitochondria become
shorter. Huntingtin activates
DRP increasing fission and
apoptosis Mutant Huntingin
causes fragmentation and
disease.
ALS Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis or Lou
Gehrigs Disease
Mutation causes DRP fission and
inhibits axon transport of mitochondria.