Atoms, Molecules and Ions

Chapter 2
Part 1
1
Recommended Questions
14, 16, 24, 26, 28, 36, 40, 44, 48, 50, 56, 58,
60, 64, 102
2
Chapter outline
Introduction
Laws pertaining to chemical reactions
DALTON ATOMIC THEORY
The structure of the atom
Nuclide symbol and Isotopes.
The periodic Table
Molecules &Ions
Chemical formula
Naming Simple Compounds

3
Part 1
Outline

Introduction
Laws pertaining to chemical reactions
DALTON ATOMIC THEORY
The structure of the atom
Nuclear structure; Isotopes.
4
5
The Early History of Chemistry
500 BCE-1000 CE: Ancient Greek tried to understand the nature
of properties of matter. They made use of some properties of
mater that were useful in their every day life:
Extracted metals from ores
Embalming (preserving) fluids
Then, they tried to come with theories to explain the behavior of
matter:
First theory: mater is composed of four elements: Fire, water,
earth and air. This theory explaned some behavior of matter
Second theory: Nature of matter. There was a dispute.
Aristotle view: Matter is continuous. Can be divided to infinite
number
Democritus view: Matter is composed of small indivisible
particles. He called them atomos. (No experiments were
done to solve this dispute till 16
th
century)


The Early History of Chemistry-
continued
1000 CE-1600 CE
Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to
change cheap metals into gold and discover the exere
of life. (Eternal life)
17th Century
Robert Boyle: First chemist to perform quantitative
experiments
18th Century
George Stahl: Phlogiston flows out of a burning material.
Joseph Priestley: Discovers oxygen gas,
dephlogisticated air.

6
7
Law of Conservation of Mass
Discovered by Antoine Lavoisier
Mass is neither created nor destroyed
Combustion involves oxygen, not
phlogiston
8
8 X
2
Y 16 X 8 Y +
Law of Conservation of Mass
9
Other Fundamental Chemical Laws
A given compound always contains exactly
the same proportion of elements by mass.
Carbon tetrachloride is always 1 atom
carbon per 4 atoms chlorine.
Copper carbonate is always 5.3 parts
copper, 4 parts oxygen, and 1 part carbon
by mass.
1- Law of Definite Proportion
Discovered by Proust
10
2- Law of Multiple Proportions
Discovered by Dalton
If two elements can
combine to form more
than one compound,
the masses of one
element that combine
with fixed mass of the
other element are in
ratios of small whole
numbers.
CO: 1 g C: 1.33 g O
CO2: 1 g C: 2.66 g O
The ratio of O in the second compound to that in
the first compound per 1 g C is 2:1
Atomic Theory of Matter
1- Elements are composed of small particles called atoms
proved to be wrong by radioactivity
2- All atoms of a given element are identical,
having the same size, mass and chemical
properties. The atoms of one element are
different from atoms of all other elements.
proved to be wrong by the discovery of isotopes


In order to explain the three scientific laws,
Dalton came up with first scientific theory. It is
made of different hypothesis called postulates.
11
Postulates of Daltons Atomic Theory
3- Compounds are composed of atoms of more than
one element. In any compound, the ration of the
number of atoms of any two of the elements
present is either an integer or a simple fraction.
Atomic Theory of Matter
4- A chemical reaction involves only the separation,
combination, or rearrangement of atoms; it does not
result in their creation or destruction.
Nuclear reactions results in changing the identity of
atoms


12
2.2 The structure of the atom
Thomson
Millikan
Radioactivity
Rutherford
Chadwick
13
14
Early Experiments to
Characterize the Atom
J. J. Thomson - postulated the existence of
electrons using cathode ray tubes.(-ve
charge, mass= 9.11x 10
-31
Kg)
Proton was postulated to exist based on the
emission of particles from anodes (+ve
charge, mass = 1.67x 10
-27
Kg, Goldstein)
Neutrons: neutral, same mass as proton
(Chadwick)
J.J. Thomson, measured charge/mass of e
-

(1906 Nobel Prize in Physics)

15
-1.76 x 10
8
C/g
Cathode Ray Tube
16
e
-
charge = -1.60 x 10
-19
C
Thomsons charge/mass of e
-
= -1.76 x 10
8
C/g
e
-
mass = 9.10 x 10
-28
g
Measured mass of e
-

(1923 Nobel Prize in Physics)
17
18
Radioactivity
Some elements emit spontaneously high
energy radiation. (Madam Curie).
Three types of radiations:
a- Gamma rays (High energy light)
b- Beta particles (High energy electron)
c- Alpha particles (Particles with +2 charge
and m = 7300 x m
e
)

(Uranium compound)
19
20
1. atoms positive charge is concentrated in the nucleus
2. proton (p) has opposite (+) charge of electron (-)
3. mass of p is 1840 x mass of e
-
(1.67 x 10
-24
g)
particle velocity ~ 1.4 x 10
7
m/s
(~5% speed of light)
(1908 Nobel Prize in Chemistry)
21
atomic radius ~ 100 pm = 1 x 10
-10
m
nuclear radius ~ 5 x 10
-3
pm = 5 x 10
-15
m
Rutherfords Model of
the Atom
If the atom is the Houston Astrodome, then
the nucleus is a marble on the 50-yard line.
22
Chadwicks Experiment (1932)
(1935 Noble Prize in Physics)
H atoms - 1 p; He atoms - 2 p
mass He/mass H should = 2
measured mass He/mass H = 4
+
9
Be
1
n +
12
C + energy
neutron (n) is neutral (charge = 0)
n mass ~ p mass = 1.67 x 10
-24
g
24
Conclusion
Electrons
Protons: found in the nucleus, they have a
positive charge equal in magnitude to the
electrons negative charge.
Neutrons: found in the nucleus, virtually
same mass as a proton but no charge.
25
mass p = mass n = 1840 x mass e
-

26
Atomic number (Z) = number of protons in nucleus
Mass number (A) = number of protons + number of neutrons
= atomic number (Z) + number of neutrons
Isotopes are atoms of the same element (X) with different
numbers of neutrons in their nuclei
Nuclide symbol:
X
A
Z
H
1
1
H (D)
2
1
H (T)
3
1
U
235
92
U
238
92
Mass Number
Atomic Number
Element Symbol
Atomic number, Mass number and Isotopes
27
The Isotopes of Hydrogen
28
Example: Write the nuclide symbol for the
atom that has 19 protons and 20 neutrons.
K
39
19
Atomic number: Z = 19
The element is potassium, K.
Mass number: A = 19 + 20 = 39

The nuclide symbol is
6 protons, 8 (14 - 6) neutrons, 6 electrons
6 protons, 5 (11 - 6) neutrons, 6 electrons
Do You Understand Isotopes?
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in C
14
6
?
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in C
11
6
?
30
2.1

Give the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in each of
the following species:

(a)

(b)

(c)



(d) carbon-14
32
The Modern Periodic Table
Period
G
r
o
u
p

A
l
k
a
l
i

M
e
t
a
l

N
o
b
l
e

G
a
s

H
a
l
o
g
e
n

A
l
k
a
l
i

E
a
r
t
h

M
e
t
a
l