Approaches to Mgt.

Empirical or Case Approach.

It studies experience through cases.
Identifies successes and failures.
Situations are all different.
No attempt to identify principles.
Has limited value for developing
management theory.
Focus on finding out reasons for success
or failure.
Managerial Roles Approach
This was based on the observation of five ceo.
Roles of Managers are,
1 Interpersonal consisting of a) Social duties as
orgns rep. b) Leadership c) Liaisoning ( with
outsiders).
2 Informational consisting of a) the recipient, b)
the disseminator, c) the spokesperson.
3 Decision consisting of a) the entrepreneurial,
b) the disturbance handler, c) the resource
allocator, d) the negotiator.
Contingency or Situational
Approach
Managerial practice depends on
circumstances.
Recognizes the influence of given solution
on organizational behavior patterns.
There is no one best way to do things.
Mathematical or Mgt Science
Approach
Managing is seen as mathematical
processes, concepts, models, symbols.
Mgt is logical process expressed in
mathematical symbols and relationship.
Decision Theory Approach
Focus is on decision making.
Group or individual decision making.
Process of decision making.
Reengineering Approach
Fundamental rethinking.
Process analysis.
Radical redesign.
Dramatic results.
Operation = input transformation into
output.
Systems Approach
Defines a system as a set of interrelated and
interdependent parts arranged in a manner that
produces a unified whole.
Closed system; a system that is not influenced
by and does not interact with its environment.
Open system; a system that dynamically
interacts with its environment.
Stakeholders; any group that is affected by
organizational decisions and policies.
Recognizes that orgn does not operate in
isolation.
McKinseys Approach
Developed 7 s model.
The 7 S are,
1)Strategy, 2) Structure,3) Systems
4)Style, 5) Staff,6)Shared values and 7)
Skills
TQM Approach
Focus is on customer needs, cost &
quality.
Dependable satisfying products and
services ( Deming),
Fitness for use ( Juran),
Conformance to quality
requirements(Crossby).
Continuous improvement, attention to
details, team work, quality education.

Mgt process or Operational
Approach
The concepts, principles, techniques and
knowledge from other fields and managerial
approaches are drawn together towards an
attempt to develop science and theory with
practical application.
Separates managerial and non managerial
functions.
Develops a classification system built around
managerial functions of planning, organizing,
directing, staffing and controlling.