PREPARED BY: REX MABANTA

RALPH STEPHEN BARTOLO

REYNANTE LUMAWAN


Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a hypothesis-
testing technique used to test the equality of
two or more population (or treatment) means
by examining the variances of samples that
are taken.

Most of the time ANOVA is used to compare the
equality of three or more means, however when
the means from two samples are compared using
ANOVA it is equivalent to using a t-test to
compare the means of independent samples.

ANOVA is based on comparing the variance (or
variation) between the data samples to variation
within each particular sample. If the between
variation is much larger than the within variation,
the means of different samples will not be equal.
If the between and within variations are
approximately the same size, then there will be
no significant difference between sample means.
Steps in hypothesis testing for ONE WAY
ANOVA
1. Formulate the null and the appropriate
alternative hypothesis.
2. Specify the level of significance to be used.
3. Critical value
4. Establish the critical regions.
5. Compute the actual value.
6. Make a statistical decision, which is to reject
the null hypothesis when the computed value
of f distribution is

( k-1,N-k); otherwise
null hypothesis is not rejected.
7. Draw the appropriate conclusion.

Formulas for ONE WAY ANOVA:

T
i
=

=1
ij


T. =

=1 i



MS=

and Fcomp =

Balanced ONE WAY ANOVA
N=kn

SSA=
.
. .

=1

=1
2
SS
bet=

1

=1 i
2

.
2

SSE= x

=1

=1
2
SS
error
=
2
=1

=1
ij -

1

=1 i
2


SST= x

. .

=1

=1
2
SST=
2

=1

=1
ij -

.
2

Unbalanced ONE WAY ANOVA
=

=1


SS
bet
=

=1
-

.
2

SS
error
=
2

=1

=1 ij
-

=1


SS
T
=
2

=1

=1 ij
-

.
2

Observation
No.
Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 3
1 54 31 46
2 46 38 42
3 68 42 38
4 58 44 55
5 60 26 50
6 52 36 48
T
i


Mean
X
2

T.
N
ANOVA Table


Source of
Variation
Sum of
Squares
Degrees of
Freedom
Mean
Square
Computed f
Treatments SSA k-1
MSA=

1

f=MSA/MSE
Error SSE N-k

MSE=

Total SST N-1

Sample problem for a balanced ANOVA

Observation
No.
Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 3
1 54 31 46
2 46 38 42
3 68 42 38
4 58 44 55
5 60 26 50
6 52 36 48

Given the hypothetical data below, test the hypothesis Ho:1= 2= 3 vs. the
alternative H
1
: at least one pair of means is not equal, using an = 0.05 level of
significance.

Solution:
1. Hypothesis: Ho:
1
=
2
=
3
vs. the alternative
H
1
: at least one pair of means is not equal
2. Significance Level: = 0.05
3. Critical value:

(v
1
,v
2
)




Observation No. Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 3
1 54 31 46
2 46 38 42
3 68 42 38
4 58 44 55
5 60 26 50
6 52 36 48
T.=834 338 217 279
Mean=46.33 56.33 36.17 46.50
X
2
=40554 19326 8077 13153
T
i
2
=239174 114244 47089 77841
N=18 n=6 n=6 n=6
ANOVA Table


Source of
Variation
Sum of
Squares
Degrees of
Freedom
Mean
Square
Computed f
Treatments SSA 2
MSA=

1

f=MSA/MSE
Error SSE 15
MSE=

Total SST 17


4. Critical Region: ff
0.05
(2,15)= 3.68
5. Computation:
SS
bet=

1

=1 i
2

.
2

=
239174
6
-
834
2
18
=1220.33

SS
error
=

=1

=1
ij -
1

=1 i
2

=40554-39862.33=691.67
SS
T
= SS
bet
+ SS
error
=1220.33+691.67=1912




Source of
Variation
Sum of
Squares
Degrees of
Freedom
Mean
Square
Computed f
Treatments 1220.33 2 610.165 f=13.233
Error 619.67 15 46.111
Total 1912 17


6. Decision:
Since f=13.2333.68, the hypothesis of
equal means is rejected.
7. Conclusion: There is enough evidence to
conclude that the means are not equal.

Problem: Susan Sound predicts that students will learn most
effectively with a constant background sound, as opposed to an
unpredictable sound or no sound at all. She randomly divides
twenty-four students into three groups of eight. All students
study a passage of text for 30 minutes. Those in group 1 study
with background sound at a constant volume in the
background. Those in group 2 study with noise that changes
volume periodically. Those in group 3 study with no sound at
all. After studying, all students take a 10 point multiple choice
test over the material, using an = 0.05 level of significance..
Their scores follow:

group test scores
1) constant sound 7 4 6 8 6 6 2 9
2) random sound 5 5 3 4 4 7 2 2
3) no sound 2 4 7 1 2 1 5 5
x
1
x
2
x
3

7 5 2
4 5 4
6 3 7
8 4 1
6 4 2
6 7 1
2 2 5
9 2 5
Solution:
Hypothesis: Ho:
1
=
2
=
3

H
1
: at least one pair of means is not equal
2. Significance Level: = 0.05
3. Critical value:

(v
1
,v
2
)


x
1
x
2
x
3

7 5 2
4 5 4
6 3 7
8 4 1
6 4 2
6 7 1
2 2 5
9 2 5
T.=107

48 32
27
T
i
2
=4057

2304
1024 729
=13.375
6
4 3.375
x
2
=595
322
148

125
N=24


n=8

n=8

n=8
ANOVA Table


Source of
Variation
Sum of
Squares
Degrees of
Freedom
Mean
Square
Computed f
Treatments SSA 2
MSA=

1

f=MSA/MSE
Error SSE 21
MSE=

Total SST 23

4. Critical Region: ff
0.05
(2,21)= 3.47
5. Computation:
SS
bet
=
1

=1 i
2

.
2

=
4057
8
-
107
2
24
=30.084

SS
error
=

=1

=1
ij -
1

=1 i
2

=595-507.125=87.875
SS
T
= SS
bet
+SS
error
=30.084+87.875=117.959





Source of
Variation
Sum of
Squares
Degrees of
Freedom
Mean
Square
Computed f
Treatments 30.084 2 15.042 f=3.594

Error
87.875
21

4.185
Total 117.959

23

6. Decision:
Since f=3.5943.47, the hypothesis of
equal means is rejected.
7. Conclusion: There is enough evidence to
conclude that the means are as she predicted,
in that the constant music group has the
highest score.

A researcher is concerned about the level of knowledge
possessed by university students regarding United States
history. Students completed a high school senior level
standardized U.S. history exam. Major for students was also
recorded. Data in terms of percent correct is recorded below for
32 students. Compute the appropriate test for the data
provided below, using =.01


Education Business/Management Behavioral/Social Science Fine Arts
62 72 42 80
81 49 52 57
75 63 31 87
58 68 80 64
67 39 22 28
48 79 71 29
26 40 68 62


Education
Business/Manag
ement
Behavioral/Social
Science
Fine Arts
62 72 42 80
81 49 52 57
75 63 31 87
58 68 80 64
67 39 22 28
48 79 71 29
26 40 68 62
T.=1600 417 410 366 407
T
i
2
=641594 173889 168100 133956 165649
X
2
=101164 26863 25540 21978 26783
Mean=228.56 59.57 58.57 52.28 58.14
N=28 n=7
n=7

n=7

n=7

Solution:
1. Hypothesis: Ho:
1
=
2
=
3
=
4

H
1
: at least one pair of means
is not equal
2. Significance Level: = 0.01
3. Critical value:

(v
1
,v
2
)



Source of
Variation
Sum of
Squares
Degrees of
Freedom
Mean
Square
Computed f
Treatments SSA 3
MSA=

1

f=MSA/MSE
Error SSE 24
MSE=

Total SST 27

4. Critical Region: ff
0.01
(3,24)=4.72
5. Computation:
SS
bet=

1

=1 i
2

.
2

=
641594
7
-
1600
2
28
=91656.29-91428.57
=227.72
SS
error
=

=1

=1
ij -
1

=1 i
2

=101164-91656.29=9507.71

SS
T
= SS
bet
+SS
error
=227.72+9507.71=9735.43

Source of
Variation
Sum of
Squares
Degrees of
Freedom
Mean
Square
Computed f
Treatments 227.72

3 75.90 f=0.19

Error
9507.71

24

396.15
Total 9735.43


27


6. Decision:
Since f=0.194.72, the hypothesis of
equal means is not rejected.
7. Conclusion: There is insufficient evidence
at the 0.01 level of significance to reject the
claim that the means are equal.


Problem for unbalanced ONE WAY ANOVA
Below are the test scores from one of my algebra classes. The scores for each exam
have been ranked numerically, just so no one tries to figure out who got what score
by finding a list of students and comparing alphabetically.


Exam 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Scores 21
35
40
42
45
57
59
60
60
61
62
64
65
67
68
68
72
73
74
75
76
78
80
91
17
45
49
57
57
61
62
62
63
64
67
69
74
75
78
78
78
79
80
86
88
89
90
24
52
56
59
59
63
65
67
68
72
73
74
75
75
76
80
82
82
83
88
90
90
37
43
52
54
58
60
61
62
63
64
67
67
71
72
74
75
77
77
79
37
37
60
65
69
75
75
76
76
83
84
85
87
87
89
89
90
21
43
50
51
53
69
69
70
72
73
74
74
80
81
89
94
29
31
43
55
62
63
64
66
69
71
75
75
77
83
86
91
23
38
43
52
53
56
57
62
63
64
65
70
72
73
75
76
80
80
83
Exam 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Scores 21
35
40
42
45
57
59
60
60
61
62
64
65
67
68
68
72
73
74
75
76
78
80
91
17
45
49
57
57
61
62
62
63
64
67
69
74
75
78
78
78
79
80
86
88
89
90
24
52
56
59
59
63
65
67
68
72
73
74
75
75
76
80
82
82
83
88
90
90
37
43
52
54
58
60
61
62
63
64
67
67
71
72
74
75
77
77
79
37
37
60
65
69
75
75
76
76
83
84
85
87
87
89
89
90
21
43
50
51
53
69
69
70
72
73
74
74
80
81
89
94
29
31
43
55
62
63
64
66
69
71
75
75
77
83
86
91
23
38
43
52
53
56
57
62
63
64
65
70
72
73
75
76
80
80
83
N=156 n=24 n=23 n=22 n=19 n=17 n=16 n=16 n=19
T.=10379 1493 1568 1553 1213 1264 1063 1040 1185
Mean=532.97 62.21 68.17 70.59 63.84 74.35 66.44 65.00 62.37
Ti2/ni=692953.65
2229049 2458624 2411809 1471369 1597696 1129969 1081600 1404225
X
2
=731097 98763 113092 114381 79835 98376 75805 72488 78357
Solution:
Hypothesis: Ho: Ho:
1
=
2
=
3
=
4
=
5
=
6
=
7
=
8

H
1
: At least there is one pair of mean that is not equal.
2. Significance Level: = 0.05
3. Critical value:

(v
1
,v
2
)

Source of
Variation
Sum of
Squares
Degrees of
Freedom
Mean Square Computed f
Treatments SSA 7
MSA=

1

f=MSA/MSE
Error SSE 148
MSE=

Total SST 155

4. Critical Region: ff
0.05
(7,148)= 2.09
5. Computation:
SS
bet
=

=1
-

.
2

=692953.647-690536.160=2417.49


SS
error
=

=1

=1 ij
-

=1

=731097-692953.647=38143.35

SS
T
=

=1

=1 ij
-

.
2

=731097-690536.160=40560.84



Source of
Variation
Sum of
Squares
Degrees of
Freedom
Mean
Square
Computed f
Treatments 2417.49

7 345.36 f=1.340

Error
38143.35

148

257.72
Total
40560.84

155


6. Decision:
Since f=1.3402.09, the hypothesis of equal means is
not rejected.
7. Conclusion: There is insufficient evidence at the 0.05 level of
significance to reject the claim that the means are equal.

Example: A firm wishes to compare four programs for training workers
to perform a certain manual task. Eighteen new employees are
assigned to the training programs. At the end of the training period, a
test is conducted to see how quickly trainees can perform the task. The
number of times the task is performed per minute is recorded for each
trainee, with the following results:

PROGRAM 1 PROGRAM 2 PROGRAM 3 PROGRAM 4
19 10 18 10
10 12 11 13
12 8 18 14
9 11 18
10 9
T.=222 60 51 47 64

2
i=
12506

3600 2601 2209 4096
x
2
=2854 686 529 769 870
N=18 n=4 n=5 n=3 n=5
Solution:
Hypothesis: Ho: Ho:
1
=
2
=
3
=
4

H
1
: At least there is one pair of
means that is not equal.
2. Significance Level: = 0.05
3. Critical value:

(v
1
,v
2
)





Solution:
Hypothesis: Ho:
1
=
2
=
3
=
4

H
1
: At least there is one pair of means that is not equal.
2. Significance Level: = 0.05
3. Critical value:

(v
1
,v
2
)


Source of
Variation
Sum of
Squares
Degrees of
Freedom
Mean Square Computed f
Treatments SSA 3
MSA=

1

f=MSA/MSE
Error SSE 14
MSE=

Total SST 17

4. Critical Region: ff
0.05
(3,14)=3.34
5. Computation:
SS
bet
=

=1
-

.
2

=2975.63-2738=237.63


SS
error
=

=1

=1 ij
-

=1

=2854-2975.63=-121.63

SS
T
=

=1

=1 ij
-

.
2

=2854-2738=116



Source of
Variation
Sum of
Squares
Degrees of
Freedom
Mean Square Computed f
Treatments 237.63 3 79.21 f=-9.125
Error -121.63 14 -8.68
Total 116 17


6. Decision:
Since f=-9.1253.34, the hypothesis of
equal means is not rejected.
7. Conclusion: There is insufficient evidence
at the 0.05 level of significance to reject the
claim that the means are equal.