PRINCIPLES OF

ACCIDENT PREVENTION
Cost
Productivity
SAFETY
Contract
Requirement
s
Accidents
An event which is,
Unplanned & Unexpected
which may or may not have resulted in
damage to property or injury to person.
Safety
A state of dangerlessness.

A thing is provisionally categorised as safe,
if its risks are deemed known and in the
light of that knowledge, it is judged to be
acceptable.
Accident Prevention -
Fundamental Facts
The accident causes and injury causes
are different.
There are more than one causes for an
accident.
Accident Causes
Unsafe Condition
improper guarding
defective tool
slippery floor
improper
housekeeping
Unsafe Act
operating without
authority
operating at unsafe speed
making safety devices
inoperative
using unsafe equipment
CHAIN OF EVENTS
UNSAFE ACTS
UNSAFE CONDITION
ACCIDENT
ORIGIN OF FAULTS
INJURY
HUMAN FAILURE
DOMINO THEORY
Fault of
person

Unsafe Act /
Condition

Accident

Injury

Social &
Environment

DOMINO THEORY
Unsafe Act/Condition constitute the real factor
An updated sequence (Bird,
Frank E, Jr)

Lack of
Control by
Management

Loss

Basic causes

Accident

Immediate
causes

HEINRICH THEORY
300
29
NO DAMAGE OR
NO INJURY
CASES
MAJOR
ACCIDENT
MINOR
ACCIDENTS
Managing Safety
or
Managing Accident
Reactive Approach

Injury / Damage
Accident
Causatives
Safety
Proactive Approach

Safety
Causatives
Accident
Injury / Damage
Principles of Safety
Management
Principles of
Safety Management
An unsafe act, an unsafe condition, an
accident; all these are symptoms of
something wrong in the management
system.
PRINCIPLE : 1
Principles of
Safety Management
Certain sets of circumstances can be
predicted to produce severe injuries. These
circumstances can be identified and
controlled:
PRINCIPLE : 2
Unusual, non-routine
Nonproductive activities
High energy sources, certain
construction situations
Principles of
Safety Management
Safety should be managed like any other
company function.
Management should direct the safety effort
by setting achievable goals, by planning,
organising and controlling to achieve them.
PRINCIPLE : 3
Principles of
Safety Management
The key to effective line safety
performance is management
procedures that fix accountability.
PRINCIPLE : 4
Principles of
Safety Management
The function of safety is to locate and
define the operational errors that allow
accidents to occur. This function can be
carried out in two ways:
PRINCIPLE : 5
1. by asking why - searching for root causes of accidents, and
2. by asking whether or not certain known effective controls are
being utilized.
ACCIDENT PREVENTION
BASIC STEP
IDENTIFYING THE RISK
RISK
MANAGEMENT
ACCEPTABLE
RISK
UNACCEPTABLE
RISK
ACCIDENT COST
Every accident costs something to
The injured person
The family of the injured person
The factory/ site where he works
The nation & above all the manager
ACCIDENT COST
DIRECT COST
INDIRECT COST
Accident Cost Calculation
Safety Performance
Measurement
Definitions
Reportable Lost Time Injury:
An injury causing death or disablement of the injured
person for 48 hours or more excluding the day of the
shift on which the accident occurred.
Dangerous Occurrence
An unplanned event, whether or not it is attended by
personal injury or disablement, which results in
Bursting of a plant.
Collapse or failure of a crane,
Explosion or fire or bursting out, etc
FREQUENCY RATE
FREQUENCY
RATE =
(FR)
Total No. of Reportable Accidents
-----------------------------------------------
Total Man hours Worked
x 10
6

Number of Reportable lost time injuries per
million manhours worked.
Indian Standard
OSHA Standard
Lost Time Injury Incidence Rate

It is the no of LTI cases per 2,00,000 manhours worked.
SEVERITY RATE
SEVERITY RATE =
(SR)
Man days lost due to Reportable accident
---------------------------------------------------
Total Man hours Worked
x 10
6

Number of man days lost due to reportable lost
time injuries per million manhours worked.
ACCIDENT RATE
ACCIDENT RATE =
(AR)
FREQUENCY RATE X SEVERITY RATE
----------------------------------------------------------
RISK INDEX*
* Risk Index:
Comparative Index of Hazard Rating.

Accident Rate is unique to ECC Division.
INCIDENCE RATE
Ratio of number of reportable lost time injuries to the
number of persons during the period under review. It is
expressed as number of injuries per 1000 persons
employed.
INCIDENCE
RATE
Number of Reportable Lost Time Injuries X 1000
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Average Number of Persons Employed **
** TOTAL MANHOURS WORKED
----------------------------------------
WORKING DAYS /YEAR X 10 HOURS/DAY
** TOTAL MANHOURS WORKED
----------------------------------------
WORKING DAYS /YEAR X 10 HOURS/DAY
NO OF FATALITY X 100000
-----------------------------
NO OF WORKMEN ENGAGED **
Fatality Rate =
FATALITY RATE
Uniformly followed by all countries.
Benchmarking
Since fatality rate is the uniform index followed by all
countries it is used for benchmarking our safety
performance
Country Year FATR Year FATR
UK 1999 5.7 2001 5.3
Denmark 2000 7 2001 5
Australia 1999 12 2002 5
France 1999 13.8 1999 13.8
USA 1999 14 2001 13
J apan 2000 16 2002 2
Italy 1998 24 2000 20
Canada 1999 32.9 2002 29.8
Singapore 1997 37.6 2002 20
ECCD Fatality Rate
(FATR)
2001 - 2002 : 27.07
2003 - 2004 : 25.99
Fatality rates of various countries
Injury & Illness
Records -
International Practice
Work Related Injury & Illness
An injury or illness is considered work-related :

if an event or exposure in the work environment
caused or contributed to the condition or
significantly aggravated a pre-existing condition.
Recordable Cases
This includes,
death,
loss of consciousness,
days away from work,
restricted work activity or job transfer,
medical treatment beyond first aid.
Medical Treatment Case
Medical treatment includes managing and caring for
a patient for the purpose of combating a disease or
disorder which is beyond First Aid Treatment.
Restricted Work Day Cases
Restricted work activity occurs when,

as the result of a work-related injury or illness, an
employer or health care professional keeps, or
recommends keeping, an employee from doing the
routine functions of his job or from working the full
workday that the employee would have been
scheduled to work before the injury or illness
occurred.
Lost Time Injury Cases
This includes all injury or illness involving one or more
days* away from work.
It excludes the day, the injury occurred or the illness
began.
The number of days to be considered after the injury or
illness differs from country to country.
* As per OSHA regulations
First Aid Cases
Incidents requiring only the following types of treatment
are considered as FIRST AID CASES. It includes
administering tetanus immunisations;
cleaning, flushing, or soaking wounds on the skin surface;
using wound coverings, such as bandages,
BandAids, gauze pads, etc., or using SteriStrips or
butterfly bandages.
.. (set of defined conditions)
INDIAN STANDARD
IS 3786 - 1983
Method for Computation of Frequency and Severity
Rates for Industrial Injuries and Classification of
Industrial Accidents
Disablement
Partial Disablement Permanent Disablement
Permanent Partial
Disablement
Temporary Partial
Disablement
Disablement
Partial Disablement:
This is of two types
disablement of a temporary nature which reduces the earning capacity in
any employment in which he was engaged.
disablement of a permanent nature, which reduces his earning capacity
every employment which he was capable of undertaking at the time of
employment.

Percentage loss of earning capacity differs by the body part injured and
given in IS.
Disablement
Total Disablement:

disablement whether of a temporary or permanent nature, which
incapacitates a workman for all work which he was able to
perform at the time of the accident.

Percentage of the loss of earning capacity as specified in the
part against these injuries is 100%
Analysis of
Accidents
Classification of Accidents
Classification based on IS 3786 - 1983
agency,
unsafe mechanical or physical condition,
unsafe act,
unsafe personal factor,
type of accident,
nature of injury,
location of injury.
As per IS 3786 - 1983
Analysis of Fatalities 00 - 04 (cause wise)
ELECTROCUTION
11%
HIT BY OBJECT
2%
RUNOVER
17%
CAUGHT IN /
BETWEEN
8%
CAVE IN
6%
SLIPPED AND
FELL
2%
OTHERS
3%
FALL OF OBJECT
13%
FALL FROM
HEIGHT
38%
HELPER
40%
RIGGER
13%
SKILLED
4%
ENGINEER
3%
SEMI SKILLED
3%
WELDER
3%
GRINDER
2%
OPERATOR /
DRIVER
2%
MASON
2%
SECURITY GUARD
1%
CARPENTER
4%
FITTER
7%
MATE /
SUPERVISOR /
FOREMAN
6%
KHALASI
10%
20-24
33%
25-29
27%
30-34
16%
35-39
10%
40-44
5%
45-49
5%
50-55
4%
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-55
0001-
0400
0401-
0800
0801-
1000
1001-
1200
1201-
1400
1401-
1600
1601-
1800
1801-
2000
2001-
2400
S1
5.44%
4.08%
12.93%
5.44%
15.65%
20.41%
21.09%
12.93%
2.04%
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR
2000-
2001
2001-
2002
2002-
2003
2003-
2004
Aver
age
FATALITIES - ANALYSIS BY MONTH OF OCCURENCE
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR
Any Questions ?