PHASE I CO

2
SEQUESTRATION EVALUATION

in the

NINE STATE
MIDWEST REGIONAL CARBON
SEQUESTRATION PARTNERSHIP
AREA
Carbon Capture & Sequestration (CCS)
1. CO
2
Separation, Capture & Compression
2. Transport to Injection Site
3. Injection into Deep Geologic Formation
4. Measurement, Monitoring & Verification
Page 1
Steps in the CCS Process
Page 2
Image copyrighted by Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas Technologies (CO2CRC)
CO2 Stored as Supercritical Fluid
Page 3
CO2 will be injected
at depths below
2500 feet. CO2
increases in density
with depth and
becomes a
supercritical fluid
below 2500 feet.
Supercritical fluids
diffuse better than
either gases or
liquids.
Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas Technologies (CO2CRC)
Sequestration Challenges
Cost High $$$
Scale Large Project Area (acreage control)
Long Term Liability - Measurement,
Monitoring & Verification
Legal Who Owns the Pore Space?

Why Do It? Coal as a fuel is a necessary part
of any energy strategy.

Page 4
Station Background
630 MW CFPP
Built in 1982
4.3 million tons of
CO
2
emitted per
year
Expected to operate
for 30 more years
Page 5
Phase I Objectives
Identify candidate geologic formations
Assess CO
2
storage potential
Compare storage potential to plant emissions
Evaluate adequacy of existing
regulatory/legal framework
Recommend Phase II activities
Page 6
MRCSP Regions Large Geological Storage
Potential is Well Positioned Relative to Sources
Page 7
Deep saline formations:
>100,000 MMTCO
2
Depleted oil and gas fields
~1,400 MMTCO
2
Data from over 40,000
wells have been analyzed
Unmineable coal and shale
~350 MMTCO
2
Waverly Arch Controls Stratigraphy
Page 8
Precambrian
surface altered by
Waverly Arch
Basement rocks are
shallow
Accelerated erosion
of sedimentary
strata
Rocks from more
recent periods are
not present
Generalized Stratigraphic Chart
Page 9
Ordovician
Cincinnati Group
Trenton Limestone
Black River Group
Wells Creek Formation
Knox Dolomite
Cambrian
Rose Run Sandstone
Copper Ridge Dolomite
Eau Claire/Conasauga
Formations
Mt. Simon Sandstone
Precambrian Grenville Province
CO
2
Sequestration in Ohio
Page 10
Rose Run Sandstone is a regional
candidate zone in Appalachian
Basin
Mount Simon Sandstone/Basal
Sand - the most prominent
reservoir in most of the Midwest
A number of geologic formations have been evaluated for CO
2
storage
potential in the Ohio River Valley region through MRCSP studies
Rose Run Structure
Page 11
Station
#3400012004
#1616103990
Mt. Simon Structure
Page 12
Station
#3400012004
#1616103990
Mt. Simon Thickness
Page 13
Station
#3400012004
#1616103990
Volumetric Storage Equation
Page 14
G
CO2
= A
t
h
g

tot
E
G
CO2
= CO
2
storage potential in tons
A
t
= area = 50,000 to 800,000 acres
h
g
= thickness = 50 feet

tot
= porosity = 8%
= CO
2
density = 47 lb/ft
3
(supercritical fluid)
E = storage efficiency = 10%
Mt. Simon Storage Potential
Page 15
Storage Field
Radius
Storage Field
Area
CO
2
Storage
Potential
5 miles 50,000 acres 20.6 million tons
10 miles 200,000 acres 81.4 million tons
20 miles 800,000 acres 328 million tons
Comparison to Plant Emissions
Page 16
Storage Field
Radius
CO
2
Storage
Potential
CO
2
Storage
5 miles 20.6 million tons 5.3 years
10 miles 81.4 million tons 20.8 years
20 miles 328 million tons 84.1 years
Sequestration Challenges
Cost: $50 - $100/ton
$200 million to $400 million per year for plant
Scale
300 to 1,200 square miles
Long Term Liability and Legal Issues
Measurement, Monitoring & Verification
Cap/Seal Integrity -
Pore Space Rights
Page 17
Seal Integrity
What is the theoretical pore throat to hold a 1000 m column
of each fluid?
19 nm oil
14 nm gas
10 nm CO2
CO2 requires better seals than other fluids for a particular
column.
Reservoir simulation and injection challenges are very
manageable.


Page 18
Pore Space Ownership
No consensus regarding property rights for pore
space
Majority of opinions indicate pore space tied to
surface rights
Affected landowners will number in the thousands.
Negotiation or condemnation imposes high costs and
long acquisition times.
Condemnation laws would have to be amended.
Politically sensitive.
Page 19
Long Term Liability
Insurance not available
Ohio & Kentucky not accepting
Federal government suggested
New version of Price-Anderson Act in nuclear
power
CCS Utility under consideration
Midwestern Governors Association
Pennsylvania Carbon Sequestration Network
Page 20
Phase II Recommendations
Expand geologic evaluation
Assess alternate sequestration fields
Obtaining additional information regarding
Midwest Governors Association CCS
activities
Conduct carbon capture technology review
Obtain legal opinions on pore space
Page 21
Questions??




Pat Pontoriero
MACTEC Engineering and Consulting
800 North Bell Ave.
Pittsburgh, PA 15106
(412) 279-6661
ppontoriero@mactec.com

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