Beruflich Dokumente
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Metal-Casting Processes
Kalpakjian • Schmid
Manufacturing Engineering and Technology © 2001 Prentice-Hall Page 11-1
TABLE 11.1
Process Advantages Limitations
Sand Almost any metal cast; no limit Some finishing required;
to size, shape or weight; low somewhat coarse finish; wide
tooling cost. tolerances.
Shell mold Good dimensional accuracy and Part size limited; expensive
surface finish; high production patterns and equipment
rate. required.
Expendable pattern Most metals cast with no limit Patterns have low strength and
to size; complex shapes can be costly for low quantities
Processes
tolerance parts; good surface
finish.
Permanent mold Good surface finish and High mold cost; limited shape
dimensional accuracy; low and intricacy; not suitable for
porosity; high production rate. high-melting-point metals.
Kalpakjian • Schmid
Manufacturing Engineering and Technology © 2001 Prentice-Hall Page 11-2
Die-Casting Examples
(a) (b)
Figure 11.1 (a) The Polaroid PDC-2000 digital camera with a AZ91D die-cast, high purity
magnesium case. (b) Two-piece Polaroid camera case made by the hot-chamber die casting
process. Source: Courtesy of Polaroid Corporation and Chicago White Metal Casting, Inc.
Kalpakjian • Schmid
Manufacturing Engineering and Technology © 2001 Prentice-Hall Page 11-3
General Characteristics of Casting Processes
TABLE 11.2
Typical
Typical Weig ht (kg) surface Section thic kness (mm)
materials finish Shape Dimensional
Process cast Minimum Maximum (m m, Ra) Porosity* complexity* accuracy* Minimum Maximum
Sand All 0.05 No limit 5-25 4 1-2 3 3 No limit
Shell All 0.05 100+ 1-3 4 2-3 2 2 --
Expendable
mold
pattern All 0.05 No limit 5-20 4 1 2 2 No limit
Nonferrous
Plaster (Al, Mg, Zn,
mold Cu) 0.05 50+ 1-2 3 1-2 2 1 --
All
(High melting
Investment pt.) 0.005 100+ 1-3 3 1 1 1 75
Permanent
mold All 0.5 300 2-3 2-3 3-4 1 2 50
Nonferrous
(Al, Mg, Zn,
Die Cu) <0.05 50 1-2 1-2 3-4 1 0.5 12
Centrifugal All -- 5000+ 2-10 1-2 3-4 3 2 100
*Relative rating: 1 best, 5 worst.
Note : These ratings are only general; significant variations can occur, depending on the methods used.
Kalpakjian • Schmid
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Casting Examples
Kalpakjian • Schmid
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Sand Mold Features
Kalpakjian • Schmid
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Steps in Sand Casting
Kalpakjian • Schmid
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Pattern Material Characteristics
TABLE 11.3
a
Rating
Characteristic Wood Aluminum Steel Plastic Cast iron
Machinability E G F G G
Wear resistance P G E F E
Strength F G E G G
Weightb E G P G P
Repairability E P G F G
Resistance to:
Corrosionc E E P E P
Swellingc P E E E E
aE, Excellent; G, good; F, fair; P, poor.
bAs a factor in operator fatigue.
cBy water.
Source : D.C. Ekey and W.R. Winter, Introduction to Foundry Technology. New York.
McGraw-Hill, 1958.
Kalpakjian • Schmid
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Patterns for Sand Casting
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Examples of Sand Cores and Chaplets
Figure 11.8 Examples of sand cores showing core prints and chaplets to support cores.
Kalpakjian • Schmid
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Squeeze Heads
Figure 11.9 Various designs
of squeeze heads for mold
making: (a) conventional flat
head; (b) profile head; (c)
equalizing squeeze pistons;
and (d) flexible diaphragm.
Source: © Institute of British
Foundrymen. Used with
permission.
Kalpakjian • Schmid
Manufacturing Engineering and Technology © 2001 Prentice-Hall Page 11-11
Vertical Flaskless Molding
Figure 11.10 Vertical flaskless molding. (a) Sand is squeezed between two halves of the pattern. (b)
Assembled molds pass along an assembly line for pouring.
Kalpakjian • Schmid
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Sequence of Operations for Sand Casting
Figure 11.11 Schematic illustration of the sequence of operations for sand casting. Source: Steel
Founders' Society of America. (a) A mechanical drawing of the part is used to generate a design for the
pattern. Considerations such as part shrinkage and draft must be built into the drawing. (b-c) Patterns have
been mounted on plates equipped with pins for alignment. Note the presence of core prints designed to
hold the core in place. (d-e) Core boxes produce core halves, which are pasted together. The cores will be
used to produce the hollow area of the part shown in (a). (f) The cope half of the mold is assembled by
securing the cope pattern plate to the flask with aligning pins, and attaching inserts to form the sprue and
risers. (continued)
Kalpakjian • Schmid
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Sequence of Operations for Sand Casting (cont.)
Figure 11.11 (g) The flask is rammed with sand and the plate and inserts are removed. (g) The drag half is
produced in a similar manner, with the pattern inserted. A bottom board is placed below the drag and aligned
with pins. (i) The pattern, flask, and bottom board are inverted, and the pattern is withdrawn, leaving the
appropriate imprint. (j) The core is set in place within the drag cavity. (k) The mold is closed by placing the
cope on top of the drag and buoyant forces in the liquid, which might lift the cope. (l) After the metal solidifies,
the casting is removed from the mold. (m) The sprue and risers are cut off and recycled and the casting is
cleaned, inspected, and heat treated (when necessary).
Kalpakjian • Schmid
Manufacturing Engineering and Technology © 2001 Prentice-Hall Page 11-14
Surface Roughness for Various Metalworking Processes
Figure 11.12 Surface roughness in casting and other metalworking processes. See also Figs. 22.14 and
26.4 for comparison with other manufacturing processes.
Kalpakjian • Schmid
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Dump-Box Technique
Figure 11.13 A common
method of making shell
molds. Called dump-box
technique, the limitations are
the formation of voids in the
shell and peelback (when
sections of the shell fall off
as the pattern is raised).
Source: ASM International.
Kalpakjian • Schmid
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Composite Molds
Figure 11.14 (a) Schematic illustration of a semipermanent composite mold. Source: Steel
Castings Handbook, 5th ed. Steel Founders' Society of America, 1980. (b) A composite
mold used in casting an aluminum-alloy torque converter. This part was previously cast in
an all-plaster mold. Source: Metals Handbook, vol. 5, 8th ed.
Kalpakjian • Schmid
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Expendable Pattern Casting
Figure 11.15
Schematic
illustration of the
expendable
pattern casting
process, also
known as lost
foam or
evaporative
casting.
Kalpakjian • Schmid
Manufacturing Engineering and Technology © 2001 Prentice-Hall Page 11-18
Ceramic Molds
Figure 11.16 Sequence of operations in
making a ceramic mold. Source: Metals
Handbook, vol. 5, 8th ed.
Kalpakjian • Schmid
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Investment Casting of a Rotor
Figure 11.19 Investment casting of an integrally cast rotor for a gas turbine. (a) Wax pattern assembly.
(b) Ceramic shell around wax pattern. (c) Wax is melted out and the mold is filled, under a vacuum,
with molten superalloy. (d) The cast rotor, produced to net or near-net shape. Source: Howmet
Corporation.
Kalpakjian • Schmid
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Investment and Conventionally Cast Rotors
Kalpakjian • Schmid
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Vacuum-Casting Process
Figure 11.21 Schematic illustration of the vacuum-casting process. Note that the mold has a
bottom gate. (a) Before and (b) after immersion of the mold into the molten metal. Source:
From R. Blackburn, "Vacuum Casting Goes Commercial," Advanced Materials and Processes,
February 1990, p. 18. ASM International.
Kalpakjian • Schmid
Manufacturing Engineering and Technology © 2001 Prentice-Hall Page 11-23
Pressure Casting
Figure 11.22 (a) The bottom-pressure casting process utilizes graphite molds for the production of steel
railroad wheels. Source: The Griffin Wheel Division of Amsted Industries Incorporated. (b) Gravity-
pouring method of casting a railroad wheel. Note that the pouring basin also serves as a riser. Railroad
wheels can also be manufactured by forging.
Kalpakjian • Schmid
Manufacturing Engineering and Technology © 2001 Prentice-Hall Page 11-24
Hot- and Cold-Chamber Die-Casting
(a) (b)
Figure 11.23 (a) Schematic illustration of the hot-chamber die-casting process. (b) Schematic
illustration of the cold-chamber die-casting process. Source: Courtesy of Foundry Management and
Technology.
Kalpakjian • Schmid
Manufacturing Engineering and Technology © 2001 Prentice-Hall Page 11-25
Cold-Chamber Die-Casting Machine
(a)
Kalpakjian • Schmid
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Hot-Chamber Die-Casting Machine
(b)
Figure 11.24 (b) 800-ton hot-chamber die-casting machine, DAM 8005 (made
in Germany in 1998). This is the largest hot-chamber machine in the world
and costs about $1.25 million.
Kalpakjian • Schmid
Manufacturing Engineering and Technology © 2001 Prentice-Hall Page 11-27
Die-Casting Die Cavities
Kalpakjian • Schmid
Manufacturing Engineering and Technology © 2001 Prentice-Hall Page 11-28
Properties and Typical Applications of
Common Die-Casting Alloys
TABLE 11.4
Ultimate
tensile Yield Elongation
strength strength in 50 mm
Alloy (MPa) (MPa) (%) Applications
Aluminum 380 (3.5 Cu-8.5 Si) 320 160 2.5 Appliances, automotive components,
electrical motor frames and housings
13 (12 Si) 300 150 2.5 Complex shapes with thin walls, parts
requiring strength at elevated
temperatures
Brass 858 (60 Cu) 380 200 15 Plumbing fiztures, lock hardware,
bushings, ornamental castings
Magnesium AZ91 B (9 Al-0.7 Zn) 230 160 3 Power tools, automotive parts, sporting
goods
Zinc No. 3 (4 Al) 280 -- 10 Automotive parts, office equipment,
household utensils, building hardware,
toys
5 (4 Al-1 Cu) 320 -- 7 Appliances, automotive parts, building
hardware, business equipment
Source : Data from American Die Casting Institute
Kalpakjian • Schmid
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Centrifugal Casting Process
Kalpakjian • Schmid
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Semicentrifugal Casting
Figure 11.28 (a) Schematic illustration of the semicentrifugal casting process. Wheels with spokes can
be cast by this process. (b) Schematic illustration of casting by centrifuging. The molds are placed at
the periphery of the machine, and the molten metal is forced into the molds by centrifugal force.
Kalpakjian • Schmid
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Squeeze-Casting
Figure 11.29 Sequence of operations in the squeeze-casting process. This process combines the
advantages of casting and forging.
Kalpakjian • Schmid
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Single Crystal Casting of Turbine Blades
Figure 11.30 Methods of casting turbine blades: (a) directional solidification; (b) method to produce
a single-crystal blade; and (c) a single-crystal blade with the constriction portion still attached.
Source: (a) and (b) B. H. Kear, Scientific American, October 1986; (c) Advanced Materials and
Processes, October 1990, p. 29, ASM International.
(c)
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Single Crystal Casting
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Melt Spinning
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Types of Melting Furnaces
Figure 11.33 Two types of melting furnaces used in foundries: (a) crucible, and (b) cupola.
Kalpakjian • Schmid
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