1

The Foundations of
Chemistry
2
Chemistry
Science that describes matter its properties, the changes
it undergoes, and the energy changes that accompany
those processes

Matter
Anything that has mass and occupies space.

Energy
The capacity to do work or transfer heat.
Matter and Energy - Vocabulary
3
Natural Laws
Law of Conservation of Mass


Law of Conservation of Energy
4
A Molecular View
Daltons Atomic Theory
Daltons atomic theory summarized the nature
of matter as known in 1808
1) An element is composed of extremely small indivisible
particles called atoms.
2) All atoms of a given element have identical properties,
which differ from those of other elements.
3) Atoms cannot be created, destroyed, or transformed into
atoms of another element.
4) Compounds are formed when atoms of different
elements combine with each other in small whole-
number ratios.
5) The relative numbers and kinds of atoms are constant in
a given compound.
5
A Molecular View
Some Definitions
An atom is the smallest particle of an element
that maintains its chemical identity through all
chemical and physical changes.
Fundamental particles are the basic building
blocks of atoms, they consist of electrons,
protons, and neutrons.
A molecule is the smallest particle of an
element or compound that can have a stable
independent existence.
6
States of Matter
Solids
7
States of Matter
Solids
Liquids
8
States of Matter
Solids
Liquids
Gases
9
States of Matter
Change States
heating
cooling
10
Chemical and Physical
Properties
Chemical Properties - chemical changes
rusting or oxidation
chemical reactions
Physical Properties - physical changes
changes of state
density, color, solubility
Extensive Properties - depend on quantity
Intensive Properties - do not depend on
quantity
11
Mixtures, Substances,
Compounds, and Elements
Substance
matter in which all samples have identical
composition and properties
Elements
substances that cannot be decomposed into
simpler substances via chemical reactions
Elemental symbols
found on periodic chart
12
Mixtures, Substances,
Compounds, and Elements
13
Mixtures, Substances,
Compounds, and Elements
Compounds
substances composed of two or more
elements in a definite ratio by mass
can be decomposed into the constituent
elements
Water is a compound that can be decomposed into
simpler substances hydrogen and oxygen
14
Mixtures, Substances,
Compounds, and Elements
Mixtures
composed of two or more substances
homogeneous mixtures
heterogeneous mixtures
15
Measurements in Chemistry
Quantity Unit Symbol
length meter m
mass kilogram kg
time second s
current ampere A
temperature Kelvin K
amt. substance mole mol
16
Units of Measurement
Definitions
Mass
measure of the quantity of matter in a
body
Weight
measure of the gravitational attraction
for a body
17
Units of Measurement
Common Conversion Factors
Length
1 m = 39.37 inches
2.54 cm = 1 inch
Volume
1 liter = 1.06 qt
1 qt = 0.946 liter
See Table 1-8 for more conversion factors
18
Density and Specific Gravity
density = mass/volume
What is density?
Why does ice float in liquid water?
19
Density and Specific Gravity
Example 1-6: Calculate the density of a
substance if 742 grams of it occupies
97.3 cm
3
.
V
m
density
mL 3 . 97 cm 97.3 mL 1 cm 1
3 3

20
Density and Specific Gravity
Example 1-6: Calculate the density of a
substance if 742 grams of it occupies
97.3 cm
3
.
g/mL 7.63 density
mL 97.3
g 742
density
V
m
density
mL 3 . 97 cm 97.3 mL 1 cm 1
3 3

21
Density and Specific Gravity
Example 1-7 Suppose you need 125 g
of a corrosive liquid for a reaction.
What volume do you need?
liquids density = 1.32 g/mL
22
Density and Specific Gravity
Example 1-7 Suppose you need 125 g
of a corrosive liquid for a reaction.
What volume do you need?
liquids density = 1.32 g/mL
density
m
V
V
m
density
23
Density and Specific Gravity
Example 1-7 Suppose you need 125 g
of a corrosive liquid for a reaction. What
volume do you need?
liquids density = 1.32 g/mL
mL 94.7
1.32
g 125
V
density
m
V
V
m
density
mL
g


24
Density and Specific Gravity
Waters density is essentially 1.00 at room T.
Thus the specific gravity of a substance is
very nearly equal to its density.
Specific gravity has no units.
) water ( density
) substance ( density
Gravity Specific
25
Density and Specific Gravity
Example 1-8: A 31.0 gram piece of chromium is
dropped into a graduated cylinder that contains
5.00 mL of water. The water level rises to 9.32
mL. What is the specific gravity of chromium?
26
Density and Specific Gravity
Example1-8: A 31.0 gram piece of chromium is
dipped into a graduated cylinder that contains
5.00 mL of water. The water level rises to 9.32
mL. What is the specific gravity of chromium?
mL 4.32
g 31.10
Cr of density
mL 4.32
mL 5.00 - mL 9.32 Cr of Volume

27
Density and Specific Gravity
Example1-8: A 31.0 gram piece of chromium is
dipped into a graduated cylinder that contains
5.00 mL of water. The water level rises to 9.32
mL. What is the specific gravity of chromium?
18 . 7

mL
g
mL
g
1.00
7.18
Cr of Gravity Specific
mL
g
7.18
mL
g
7.17593
mL 4.32
g 31.0
Cr of density
28
Density and Specific Gravity
Example 1-9: A concentrated hydrochloric acid
solution is 36.31% HCl and 63.69% water by
mass. The specific gravity of the solution is
1.185. What mass of pure HCl is contained in
175 mL of this solution?
29
Density and Specific Gravity
solution g 100.00
O H g 63.69
or
solution g 100.00
HCl g 36.31
or
O H g 63.69
HCl g 36.31
Problem this from Factors Unit Possible Some
2
2
30
Density and Specific Gravity
L
g
1185
mL
g
1.185 density
problem from 1.185 Gravity Specific

31
Density and Specific Gravity
HCl g 75.3
solution g 100.00
HCl g 36.31
mL 1
n sol' g 1.185
n sol' mL 175 HCl g ?
L
g
1185
mL
g
1.185 density
1.185 Gravity Specific

32
Heat and Temperature
Heat and Temperature
are not the same thing
T is a measure of the
intensity of heat in a
body
3 common temperature
scales - all use water as
a reference
33
Heat and Temperature
FP water BP water
Fahrenheit 32
o
F 212
o
F
Celsius 0.0
o
C 100
o
C
Kelvin 273 K 373 K
34
Relationships of the Three
Temperature Scales
273 K C
or
273 C K
ips Relationsh Centigrade and Kelvin
o
o


35
Relationships of the Three
Temperature Scales
1.8
32 F
C
or
32 C 1.8 F
ips Relationsh Centigrade and Fahrenheit
o
o
o o

36
Heat and Temperature
Example 1-10: Convert 211
o
F to
degrees Celsius.
1.8
32 11 2
C
1.8
32 F
C
o
o
o

37
Heat and Temperature
Example 1-11: Express 548 K in
Celsius degrees.
275 C
273 48 5 C
273 K C
o
o
o

1
The Foundations of
Chemistry