ALLUVIAL BEDFORMS AND

ROUGHNESS
Munfarid
Adam Wiguna

Rifqi Muhammad Iqbal

Reta Lilyananda Puspasari

Annida Lisyahadah

Hana Arum Rossy Tamaya

Ria Puspasari

Marianty Patabang

Moh. Ali Mabrur

Danang Kiswanto

Ivan Dwi Prabowo

Ganisa Elsina Salamena

Yuvika Rega Siswanti

Bedform & Flow Regime

- A bedform is a feature that develops at the interface of fluid
and a moveable bed, the result of bed material being moved
by fluid flow.

- Flow regime relates bedforms in alluvial channels to flow

velocity. The classification also shows the relationship
between flow velocity and the mode of sediment transport,
the concentration of sediment being transported and the
phase relation between the bed and the water (water
surface).

Flow regime and its relationship to bed forms and other characteristics
(Lewis, 1984)

Froude number & Flow regime

F <1 tranquil flow (lower flow regime)
F = 1 critical flow conditions (flow regime transition)
F> 1 rapid flow (upper flow regime)
In general, the basic shape of the flow regime, sediment is classified into:
A. Regime low flow
B. Regime transition flow
C. Regime high flow

A. REGIME LOW FLOW

(Froude number <0.4 to 1 with ramps transition)
Consist of :
Flat bed
Ripples
Dunes

Flat bed, is a sediment transport without

deformation and the movement details are
tossing and turning. And the magnitude of
the shear of stress is exactly above from the
critical.

DUNES, ALL SIZES OF SEDIMENT AND THE SHEAR

OF STRESS INCREASES TO THE FRONT SIDE. THE
FRONT SIDE IS SLOPE SLIGHTLY, THE BACK SIDE
IS STEEPER. EROSION CAN OCCUR ON ALL SIDES
OF THE UPPER REACHES, AND DEPOSITION
OCCURS AT THE BOTTOM OF THE DOWNSTREAM
SIDE.

C. REGIME HIGH FLOW

(Froude Number> 0.4 to 1, a relatively small flow resistance
and large sediments transport)

Consist of :
Plane bed
Antidunes
Chute and Pools

PLANE BED, HAS A FLOW

RATE GRADUALLY
RISING, SEDIMENT
TRANSPORT HAS A FLAT
HEIGHT. THE MOVEMENT
OF THE GRAIN IS
ROLLING OR SLIDING
AND CHANGES AT A
PARTICULAR PLACE. A
FINE MATERIAL OCCURS
SALTASI.

Antidunes, has
sediment materials
occurs in the upstream
dunes, erosion on
downstream. More or
less symmetrical
waveforms. Antidunes
move downstream and
occurs at Fr> 1

Chute and Pools, occurs in the slope, velocity and

sediment discharge which are relatively large. The
basic form is a hill - a large sediment hill. The state
of the flow in chute is supercritical or subcritical.

Bedform Forecast

Description:

s = specific weight of bed material

y = height of bedform at x along the river

t = time

qs = sediment flow in a weight unity wide and time

The first limitation showed a decrease in the rate of sediment at

the base, and the second limit sediment transport shows the
change in the change of the distance x along the river. It turns
out that both these limits gradually always opposite in sign,
when the base is formed
positive
negative

The cross-sectional shape at time t and t + dt from the

bedform that moves downstream.
In the upper part of the lower forms of the basic
situation which is a function of time, so
negative
positive

EXNER (1925), ASSUMED THAT:

QS = AO. UO
AO = CONSTANT
UO = FLOW VELOCITY NEAR THE BASE
BY ENTERING AO AND UO INTO THE SEDIMENT
EQUALITION CONTINUITY BEFORE, THEN OBTAINED
:

DESCRIPTION OF KENNEDYS RULE

:
Fr = Froude number
d = depth of flow
U = velocity of flow

k = 2 / L = wave number
L = wavelength
j = / d = deceleration factor
= distance which can lead to changes in local sediment flow deceleration
and change of pace near the base

The concept of "lag

distance" was first
proposed by Kennedy
(1963) and is the most
important factor

Fr and kd
Seen in Fr2, greater than (1
/ kd) tanh kd, and the kd <2
Curve Fr2 = (1 / kd) tanh kd
give upper limit for ripples
and dunes Fr. Transition
area between Fr = 1 and Fr
= 0.844

Relationship between the wavelength L

antidunes with average speed U as follows:

Known as the equation for the wave speed

in the water

Conclution :
Passed antidunes surface waves break when the
position is steep. Comparison between wave height to
wavelength is between 0.13 and 0.16 and between the
retrieved value is 0.14 for the water wave steepness at
the time began to break

alluvial roughness
In an alluvial channel, the various regimes of bed forms
are the results of complicated interactions between the
overlying flow and the mobile bed sediments.

Why???

Because

The physics of bed form is complicated because the

flow boundary is not fixed but changes dynamically
according to the sediment characteristics, channel
shape and flow strength, among other factors. The
variable bed forms modify the flow resistance and
therefore the stage-discharge relationship of the
channel conveyance. The mobile bed resistance
depends on many interrelated factors including the skin
or grain resistance and form drag or bed form
resistance. The former is dependent on the depth of
flow and grain size at the boundary surface while the
latter is the resistance associated with the eddy
formations and secondary circulations set up by the
flow over the bed form.

0=gRS
= fluid density
g= gravitational acceleration
R= hydraulic radius related to bed
S= energy slope

The current practice is to treat the total bed shear stress as the sum of
two shear stress components corresponding to the grain and bed form
resistance, which is:

Divide hydraulic roughness to 2

parts: R and R

Which is R=R+R

The Graphic by Enstein Babrosa

They assumed a constant pgR

on both sides of equation (2)
andintroduced an alternative
approach based on the direct
summation of two energy
slopes. Equation (2) becomes:

S=S+S

The Graphic by Engelund-Hansen

Lovera-Kennedy (1969) and AlamKennedy (1969)

Restrictions for Lovera-Kennedy dan AlamKennedy:
Base sediment characteristic =D50
Limited analysis for gravel and water
Gravity reaction=0 and there is no free surface
waves
The analysis result is: =f(Re=(U.R)/v.R/D50)
v= kinematic viscosity of fluid
R= hydraulic radius
=friction factor Darcy Weisbach

Reference:
Priyantoro, Dwi. 1987,Teknik Pengangkutan
Sedimen, Himpunan Mahasiswa Pengairan FT-UB,
Malang
Engelund, F., and E. Hansen (1967), A monograph
on sediment transport in alluvial streams, report,
Tech. Univ. of Denmark, Copenhagen.
Einstein, H. A., and N. L. Barbarossa (1952), River
channel roughness, Trans. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 117,
1121 1146.
Kennedy, J. F. (1963), The mechanics of dunes and
antidunnes in erodiblebed channels, J. Fluid Mech.,
16(4), 521 544.
Chien, N., and Z. Wan (1999), Mechanics of
Sediment Transport, Am. Soc. of Civ. Eng., Reston,
Va

THANK YOU