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Chapter 5
Heavy Timber Frame Construction
Wood beams have been used to span roofs and floors of buildings
from the beginning of civilization
Earlier roof timbers were combined with load bearing masonry walls
to build houses and public buildings
British and European carpenters built buildings exclusively with
hand-hewn timbers with wood-to-wood connections. This was brought
over to North America
Present day heavy timber construction, with exterior walls of masonry
or concrete, is listed in building codes as Type 4 construction.
Progression of European timber frame construction
Construction of exclusively heavy timber construction
Form of an exclusively heavy timber construction
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Commercial Alternatives
Concrete & Steel (late 1800s)
Advantages over Timber
Greater spans
Lighter structures
Increased fire resistance
Increased versatility
More economical
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Residential Alternatives
Light Wood Framing (mid 1800s)
Fasteners available @ reasonable price
Advantages
* Lighter structure
* Used less material
erect * More economical
* Quicker to
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Ski Lodge
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Church
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With masonry all around, the building catches fire very slowly
Supports the load even after heavy charring
Code recognizes the fire resistance properties of heavy timber
construction - Type 4 construction in Table 1.1 - Type 5 - Light
Wood Framing
While unprotected steel beam collapses much earlier during a
fire, a heavy timber beam can be sandblasted after a fire and
left in service (after normal fire damage)
Minimum timber sizes are specified in building codes for heavy
timber frame constructions
Edges must be chamfered for better fire resistance
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In areas of high seismic risk, the walls must be reinforced both vertically
and horizontally, and the decks may have to be specially nailed, or overlaid
with plywood to increase its shear resistance. In buildings with framed
exterior walls, diagonal bracing or shear panels must be provided. The
roof must be properly anchored to the building
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