Planning Teaching:

READING

WHY
READING
IS
IMPORTANT??

A childs reading skills are important to

their success in school and work. In
addition, reading can be a fun and
imaginative activity for children, which
opens doors to all kinds of new worlds for
them. Reading and writing are important
ways we use language to communicate.

The ultimate goal of reading instruction is to

help children acquire the knowledge and
skills necessary to comprehend printed
material at a level that is consistent with their
general language comprehension skills.
Torgesen (2000)

If students are not competent readers,

they are at risk for academic,
behavioral, social, and emotional
difficulties.
Some of these students may be
identified as learning disabled.

Pupils with language

difficulties??
Speech disorder.
Can read but not understand the word.
Minimal vocabulary.
Unresponsive to question/instructions
(silent).
No interaction

Characteristics of
Struggling Readers
Over reliance on guessing strategies
May have low language skills
Limited phonemic awareness
Limited understanding of phonics
Memory problems
Read slowly and hesitantly, or not at all
Limited understanding about the text they read
Often become frustrated and avoid reading

Research has identified five early reading

skills that are all essential. They are
Phonemic awareness Being able to hear, identify
and play with individual sounds (phonemes) in
spoken words.
Phonics Being able to connect the letters of written
language with the sounds of spoken language.
Vocabulary The words kids need to know to
communicate effectively.
Reading comprehension Being able to understand
and get meaning from what has been read.
Fluency (oral reading) Being able to read text
accurately and quickly.

What Makes a Reader Proficient?

Development of phonemic awareness

Understanding of letter-sound correspondence
Fluency based on automatic recognition of lettersound relationships
Automatic recognition of sight words
Rich vocabulary
Because of a solid foundation in reading skills,
proficient readers have more cognitive resources to
focus on comprehension.

Phonological Awareness
Spoken language can be broken into
smaller units:
sentences into words
words into syllables
syllables into phonemes
Important predictor of reading success.

sentence

The hippopotamus jumps across the river

word

syllable

the hi-ppo-po-ta-mus jumps a-cross the ri-ver

phonemes

How Phonological Awareness

Relates to Reading

Children become aware that sentences are made up

of words and words are made up of different parts.

Many children develop phonological and phonemic

awareness through listening to stories, rhyming, and
other word games.

Children struggling to learn how to read need direct,

explicit instruction to develop phonological and
phonemic awareness.

Examples of Phonological
Awareness

This sentence has 5 words:

The cat ran after me.
These words rhyme:
cat - bat.
These words dont rhyme: ran - bed.
This word has 2 syllables: af-ter.
These words start with the same sound:
me - milk.

Phonemic Awareness

The specific understanding that spoken

words are made up of individual phonemes.

It is part of phonological awareness.

Phonemes are the individual sounds in

spoken words. They are the smallest units of
meaningful speech.

Examples of how Phonemic

Awareness Relates to Reading

Blending phonemes into words.

Segmenting words into phonemes.
Deleting a phoneme from a word.
Say sat without the /s/.
Adding a phoneme to a word.
Add /m/ to the beginning of at.
Manipulating phonemes in words.
Say bat. Now change the /b/ to /k/.

Phonemic awareness abilities in

kindergarten (or in that age range)
appear to be the best single predictor
of successful reading acquisition.
(A Position Statement from the Board of Directors of the International
Reading Association, 1998)

Phonemic Awareness Skills:

Intervention Strategies
Make Riddles
Ask students riddles that require them to
manipulate sounds in their heads:
What rhymes with pig and starts with /d/? (dig)
What rhymes with at and starts with /f/? (fat)
What rhymes with dog and starts with /l/? (log)

Phonics is the key to reading

achievement

Numerous scientific studies have shown that phonics

skills are the single most important predictor of
successful reading achievement.

Phonics

Phonics is a way of teaching reading that

conveys an understanding that there are
correspondences between phonemes (the
sounds of spoken language) and
graphemes (the letters and spellings that
represent those sounds in written
language).
Reithaug (2002)

The 26 letters of the English alphabet

represent 44 phonemes.

How Phonics Relates to Reading

Phonics is the means to accurate and automatic

decoding.
It is an essential feature of an effective reading
program.
Phonics instruction needs to be linked to literature
rather than as a stand-alone element of a reading
program.
Proficient readers read every word, see all of the
letters, and process this information very quickly,
based on their knowledge of phonics.

Vocabulary Development

Part of the semantic cueing system (word

meaning).
Cannot be taken for granted that students
understand all the words they read.
Oral vocabulary supports the understanding
of reading vocabulary.
Reading vocabulary involves more than
understanding individual words. It also
depends on the sentence a word is in (its
spelling, content, and pragmatics).

How Vocabulary Development

Relates to Reading

Once a student has decoded a written

word, it is available to the student in speech
form. If the word is in the students
vocabulary, it will be understood. If not, the
student will not understand the word even
though the student can read (decode) it.

The aim of reading is comprehension. A

person must understand the vocabulary
words he/she is reading in order to
understand the text.

Vocabulary Development:
Instructional Strategies
Read to students.
Use material above students reading
level.
Elaborate on new vocabulary to create
a deeper understanding of words.
Create scenarios/simulations that allow
students to practice using new
vocabulary.

Comprehension
The goal of reading is to comprehend.
Proficient readers:
use a variety of strategies,
use strategies before, during and after
reading,
use different strategies for different texts at
different places along the reading
development continuum,
interact with the text in order to construct
meaning.

How Comprehension Relates to

Reading..

Relate the content of the text to personal

experience and activate prior knowledge:

predict,
develop questions before & during reading,
clarify,
summarize,
visualize,
monitor understanding,
connect ideas to construct meaning,
inference.

Reading Fluency

Reading fluency is the ability to read text

quickly and accurately with appropriate
expression.
Fluent readers do not have to sound out
each word.
Automaticity allows readers to focus on
comprehension.
Proficient readers are fluent readers.
(But fluent readers may not be proficient.)

Fluency:
Instructional Strategies
Review high frequency words.
Repeated Readings:
- Have students reread passages that
are at an independent reading level.
- Reread passage until predetermined
goal is achieved.
- Record reading time and number of
correct words.

Powerful Method for Teaching

Reading to Classroom of
Students
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fPsAuf
1ihMk

Types of Reading..
Round Robin Oral Reading
Echo Reading
Whisper Reading
Choral Reading
Partner Reading

Round-Robin Oral Reading

Read one by one ( take turn reading)

Echo Reading

Teacher reads a sentence and then the

class rereads it aloud.

Whisper Reading

Each child reads aloud (but not in

unison) in a quiet voice.

Choral Reading
The teacher leads the entire class or
group reading aloud in unison.
Usually done synchronously.

Partner Reading
Pairs of readers alternate reading aloud
by a set protocol.
Typically, pairs of children take turns
reading aloud to each other.

Activity 1

Discuss in your group the advantages

and disadvantages of different types of
reading for the mainstream and the
weak pupils.