INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

PROJECT
ON

PARTS OF COMUTER-
CPU
 Central Processing Unit
• BRAIN of Computer
• Also known as Processor
• Reads & executes program instructions,
performs calculations
• Responsible for storing & retrieving
information from different medias
• Also handles information from one part of
the computer to another
• Its major two components are CU(control
unit) & ALU(arithmetic logical unit)
 What do CPU do?
• CPU carries out instructions and tells the rest of the
computer system what to do.
• This is done by the Control Unit of the CPU which sends
command signals to the other components of the system.
• Also performs arithmetic calculations and date
manipulation by a part of the CPU known as the
Arithmetic Logic Unit.
• Holds date and instructions which are in current use.
These are kept in the main store or Memory.
Components of CPU
 CONTROL UNIT
• Directs entire computer system to carry out
stored program instructions
• Uses instruction contained in instruction register
to decide which circuits need to be activated.
• Co-ordinates activates of other two units as well
as all peripheral & auxiliary storage devices
linked to computer
• Instructs ALU which arithmetic or logical
operation to be performed
• Specialized electronic circuitry in CU decode
program instructions held in main memory.
• Each instruction is read from memory into
instruction register. The process of reading
an instruction is often referred to as fetch-
execute process.
 Arithmetic Logic Unit
• Arithmetic logic unit executes arithmetic
and logical operations
• Arithmetic operations include
addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division
• Logical operations compare numbers, Accumulator
letters and special characters.
• Performs logic functions such as AND,
General Purpose
OR and Not. Register
• The accumulator is used to accumulate
results
• It is place where answers from many
operations are stored temporarily before
operations are to performed by the ALU
 Memory Unit
• Holds data and instructions for processing
• Although it is closely associated with the CPU, in actual fact is
separate from it
• Memory associated with the CPU is also called primary
storage, primary memory
• Also known as main storage, internal storage and main
memory
• When we load software from a floppy disk, hard disk or CD-
ROM, it is stored in the Main Memory.
• Each devices uses different types of memory in different ways.
Types of Memory
There are two basic types of computer memory
inside the computer, RAM and ROM.
 RAM
• Stand for Random Access Memory
• Main Storage & place where programs & software we
load gets stored
• When CPU runs a program, it fetches program
instructions from RAM & carries them out
• Stores the results of calculations
• RAM can have instructions READ & WRITTEN by the
CPU
• When we switch a computer off, whatever is stored in the
RAM gets erased.
• Considered “random access” because you can access
any memory cell directly if you know the row and
column that interest at that cell
 RAM

Dynamic RAM Static RAM

Each memory cell looses its It doesn’t need to be

charge quickly refreshed continually
It must be refreshed Faster, larger & expensive
hundreds of times to Uses special area of memory
prevent data from being lost “Cache”
 ROM
• Stands for Read Only Memory
• CPU can only fetch or read instructions from ROM
• ROM comes with instructions permanently stored inside & these instructions cannot be over-
written by CPU
• ROM memory is used for storing special sets of instructions which computers needs when it starts
up
• When we switch computer off, contents of ROM do not get erased but remain stored permanently
• Also known as firmware is an integrated circuit programmed with specific data when it is
manufactured
• Used not only in computers, but in most other electronic items as well.
 PROM
(Programmable
ROM EPROM
(Erasable ROM)

Rom)

EEPROM
(Electrically Erasable ROM)
 Cache Memory
• A technology based on the memory
subsystem of your computer
• Main purpose of a cache is to
accelerate your computer while
keeping the price of the computer low
• A cache has some maximum size that
is much smaller than the larger
storage area. It is possible to have
multiple layers of cache
• It is use of a faster but smaller
memory type to accelerate a slower
but larger memory type
• A lot of subsystems in a computer; L2 Cache
cache can be put between many of
them to improve performance.
 Types of Cache
• L1/L2/L3 Cache
• RAM Cache
• Disk Cache
• Software Level Cache
 Flash Memory
• Used for easy and fast information
storage in such devices as digital
cameras and home video game consoles
• Used more as a hard drive than as RAM
• Considered a solid state storage device
• A few examples of Flash memory:
 Computer’s BIOS chip
 Compact Flash (Most often found in
digital cameras)
 Smart Media (most often found in
digital cameras)
 Memory Stick( most often found in
digital cameras)
 PCMCIA Type I and Type II memory
cards (used as solid-state disks in
laptops)
 Memory cards for video game consoles
 Virtual Memory
• Virtual memory look at RAM for areas that have
not been used recently and copy them onto the
hard disk
• This frees up space in RAM to load the new
application.
• This copying happens automatically, you don’t
even know it is happening and it makes your
computer feel like that it has unlimited RAM
space
 BUS
• Buses have grown & evolved over years
in an effort to match performance of all
other computer components
• A subsystem that transfers data
between computer components inside a
computer or between computers
• A bus is capable of being parallel or a
serial bus
• Today all computers utilize two types of
buses, an internal or local bus and an
external bus
• Computer or device's bus speed or
throughput is always measured in
bits per second or megabytes per second
ADD-ON CARDS
 ACCELERATED Graphics Port
• A high-speed point-to-point channel for attaching a
video card to a computer's motherboard, primarily to
assist in the acceleration of 3d computer graphics
• AGP provides two major enhancements over
PCI:
 Faster performance
 Direct access to system memory
• AGP uses several techniques to achieve faster
performance:
 AGP is a 32 bit bus with a clock rate of 66
megahertz
 AGP uses pipelining to increases speed
 AGP uses sideband addressing, which allows the
graphic card to request and issue addressing
information using eight additional address lines
that are separate from the 32 bit path used to
transfer date.
 PCI VGA Bus
• The original PC bus operated at 4.77
MHz and was 8 bits wide meaning it
could process 8 bits of date in each
cycle
• It improved to 16 bits at 8 MHz and
officially became known as industry
standard Architecture (ISA)
• This bus design is capable of passing
along date at a rate of up to 16 MBps.
• When number of graphics
acceleration operations need to be
performed, these commands are sent
from the VGA driver to the VGA card
over the PCI bus.
MOTHERBOARD & EXPANSION SLOTS
• Think of a motherboard as a scale model of a futuristic city with many
modular plug-in buildings
• Each using power from a co Multiple-lane highways of various circuit cards
performing various functions all plug into many similar sockets on a
common circuit board common electric .
• Each circuit card performs a unique function in computer & gets it s power
from the socket all system
• Original IBM PC contained original PC motherboard, design premiered in
1982.
• For adding a new function to computer you bought a separate card and
plugged it into one of the slots.
• This approach was pioneered in the mass market by the Apple II
machine.
• By making it easy to add cards, Apple and IBM accomplished
two huge things:
 They made it easy to add new features to the machine over time
 They opened the computer to creative opportunities of third party
vendors.
 Motherboard
• A multi layered printed circuit board
• Copper circuit paths called traces that
resemble a complicated roadmap carry signals
and voltages across the motherboard
• Layered fabrication techniques are used so
that some layers of a board can carry data for
the BIOS, processor and memory buses while
other layers carry voltage and ground returns
without the paths short-circuiting at
intersections.
• The insulated layers are manufactured into
one complete, complex sandwich.
• Chips and sockets are soldered onto the
motherboard.
 Data Bus width
• Modern Pentium class motherboards have a data
bus with 64 bits. That is the width of the date
highway that goes in and out of the processor
• The Pentium processors, however, do use 32 bits
registers to handle 32 bit instructions.
• Bus speeds and widths have increased use to faster
processors and the needs of multimedia applications
• Typical bus names and widths are:
Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) 8 or 16 bits
Micro channel Architecture (MCA) 16 or 32 bits
VESA Local Bus (VLB) 32 bits
Peripheral component Interconnect (PCI) 32 or 64
bits
Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) 32 bits
 SOUND CARDS
• The voice in your computer that lets you know when
you’ve received a new email is made possible by the
sound card
• Before the arrival of sound cards Personal Computers
(PCs) were limited to beeps from a tiny speaker on the
motherboard.
• In the late 1980 s sound cards ushered in the
multimedia PC and took computer games to a whole
different level.
• In 1989 Creative labs introduced the Creative labs
SoundBlaster@ Card Since then many other
companies have introduced sound cards and Creative
has continued to improve the Sound Blaster line
• A typical sound card has:
A digital signal processor (DSP)
A digital to analog converter (DAC)
An analog to digital converter (ADC)
Read only memory (ROM) or Flash memory
Musical instrument digital interface (MIDI))
Jacks
A game port
• Sound cards may be connected to:
Headphones
Amplified speakers
Microphone
Tape deck
CD player
Digital audiotape (DAT)
CD-ROM drive
An analog output device tape deck
CD recordable (CD-R) etc…..
THANK YOU