These three people are at very different stages of their careers.

Which of the
motivational factors below do you think would most influence them, and why?

How would you attempt to motivate people with the following positions?
A bus driver in a
big city, who has to
work irregular hours,
including early
morning, evening,
and night shifts

A nurse who works

with seriously ill
children
A sales
representative for a
pharmaceutical
company, who visits
hospitals and doctors

Commonly Confused Words: affect /

effect
First, notice how each word looks different from
the other:
affect
effect

starts with a
starts with e

Even though a should sound different from e, we

pronounce these two words alike - /fekt/ vs.
/ifekt/. Therefore, we often have difficulty
deciding which one to use in our writing.

 Affect is always a VERB. Affect means "to influence"

or "to produce a change in."

e.g. Would you please outline the factors that have affected
sales over the last 12 months.

Effect
While affect is always a verb, effect is usually a NOUN.
As a noun, effect means "the result," "the change," or "the
influence."
As affect, a verb "produces a change," effect, a noun, is
the "change" or "result."

e.g. The political crisis has already had an effect on the

Stock Market.

Effect is sometimes used as a VERB meaning to cause,

to make, to carry out.

e.g. Payment will be effected on receipt of delivery.

AFFECT / EFFECT
1. I will try not to let his words (affect / effect) me.
2. He tried in vain to (affect / effect) a different opinion in
the crowd.
3. Jim was seriously (affected / effected) by his cousin's
death.
4. Weather conditions (affect / effect) many people's
moods.
5. Did the committee's vote (affect / effect) your position
on the matter?
6. Crossing wire A to wire B will produce an explosive
(affect / effect).
7. The major (affect / effect) of the storm was
devastation everywhere.
8. The politician wanted to (affect / effect) a change in
the system.
9. That terrible accident had a profound (affect / effect) on
my driving.

AFFECT / EFFECT
WILL NOT
AFFECT your grade on the test.
1. Your answer (not)
________
2. Your answer will have no ________
EFFECT on your grade on
the test.
3. What he said to her ________
AFFECTED her deeply.
4. The patient asked how the medication ____________
WOULD AFFECT
her energy level.
5. The speaker said that her organization wanted
_________
TO EFFECT a major change in the party's platform.
6. Joe talked with Janis, but his words has almost no
________on
his friend's actions.
EFFECT
7. One ________of
the new lenses is my ability to read
EFFECT
more easily.
8. The addition of sodium __________the
chemical
AFFECTS
stability of the solution.
9. The ________of
the storm will not be clear for years.
EFFECTS

Make corrections where needed.

1. Shelley had to affect great reductions in her expenses.
1. Shelley had to effect great reductions in her expenses.
2. What do you suppose the effect of her resignation will
be?
3. The changes had an enormous affect on production.
3. The changes had an enormous effect on production.
4. The crisis has greatly affected our lifestyle.
5. They were able to affect an increase in their savings.
5. They were able to effect an increase in their savings.
6. Roberta has effected many improvements in office
procedures.
7. The rainy weather had a bad affect on attendance at the
seminar.
7. The rainy weather had a bad effect on attendance at the
seminar.

8. The new personnel ruling does not affect my status.

9. The new director will reorganize the office and effect a
number of changes in personnel.
10. What she said had no affect on the boss.
10. What she said had no effect on the boss.
11. I don't know why the cold air affects my skin.
12. I hope to effect improvements in my work.
13. The knowledge I gain from this course will effect my
performance.
13. The knowledge I gain from this course will affect my
performance.
14. The new schedule will take affect in October.
14. The new schedule will take effect in October.
15. The supervisor effected a reconciliation between
Helen and John.
16. The new law goes into affect tomorrow.
16. The new law goes into effect tomorrow.

Insert the correct form of affect or effect:

AFFECT
Many factors __________
readability the
ease with which a particular piece of writing
can be read. For example, the distance between
the subject of the sentence and the verb can
EFFECT
have an __________
on readability, as can
sentence and word length. Even the layout of a
AFFECTS
document __________
how easily it can be
read. Can you suggest other factors that might
AFFECT
__________
readability?

FOREIGN PLURALS
Some nouns of Latin or
Greek origin have irregular
plural:

analysis analyses (L) [si:z]

basis bases (G)
crisis crises (G)
hypothesis hypotheses (G)
thesis theses (G)

datum data (L) []

medium media (L)
memorandum memoranda

appendix - appendices
index indices (L)[si:z]
formula - formulae (L)
larva larvae [i:]
criterion criteria (G)
phenomenon
phenomena []
nucleus nuclei (L)
stimulus stimuli [ai]

Some nouns with irregular plural have two forms of

plural, the original foreign one and English one. In
some cases the two plurals have different
meanings:
appendix

appendixes = a small tube joined

to your large intestine
appendices = a section giving
extra details at the end of a book

formula

formulas = forms of words

formulae = mathematical terms

genius

geniuses = persons of unusually

great mental powers
genii = good or evil spirits

index

indexes = tables of contents

indices = algebraic signs

medium
mediums = people
claiming
communication
with spirits

media =

means, agencies

Insert affect (v.), effect (v.) or effect (n.)

in the blanks
WILL AFFECT
1. How do you think the changes _____________
you?
2. Inflation is having a disastrous ____________
on the
EFFECT
economy.
HAS BEEN AFFECTED
3. The area badly ______________ by pollution in recent
years.
4. The million-dollar donation from the industrialist
__________
AFFECTED my vote against the Clean Air Act.
TO EFFECT
5. We are trying __________
a change in the way we
purchase computers.
EFFECT
6. Aspirin had the desired _________
and the headache
stopped.

7.
8.

HAS EFFECTED
The drug ___________
a change in his personality.
His research focuses on ___________
of advertising on
EFFECTS
children.

9.

The change in the program time appeared to have no

___________
on attendance.
EFFECT

EFFECT of the program will be increased

10. One positive _________
access to education.
11. The new Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy
legislation HAS
_________
AFFECTED many aspects of our work.
12. He is studying how violence on television _________
AFFECTS
children's behaviour.