Italy, Nato and The Riga Summit

Italy, NATO
and the Riga Summit

Giovanni Brauzzi
University of Edinburgh
Transatlantic Seminar
29 September 2006
In brief...
 Italian Foreign Policy in a nutshell
 The role of NATO in a changed world
 Expectations for the Riga Summit
GB Edinburgh 29.9.2006
Italy - Facts and Figures
 Area: 301,336 sq km
 Land boundaries: 1,932 km
 Coastline: 7,600 km
 Population (2005): 58.462.375
 Population Growth Rate : 1,1%

birth rate: -18,396

immigration rate: +181,080
 Life Expectancy at Birth: 79,25 years
 GDP – Composition by Sector:
 agriculture 2%
 industry 30%
 services 68%
The compass of
Italian foreign policy
• North, towards Europe;
• South, towards the
Mediterranean, the
Middle East and Africa;
• East, towards the
Balkans and Russia;
• West, towards America
and globalisation.
THE NATIONAL INTEREST
 Few commodities and energy sources
 Aging and shrinking population
 We cannot keep our gates closed
 Cultural and institutional pluralism
 Universal vision
 Lessons learnt from the past
Thus:
 Neither able, nor willing to act alone
 The only way is to pursue the national interest
through multilateral fora
THE CONSTITUTIONAL
FRAMEWORK
Art. 11 of Italian Constitution: Italy rejects war
as an instrument of aggression against the
liberties of other people and as a means for
settling international controversies; it agrees,
on conditions of equality with other States, to
such limitations of sovereignty as may be
necessary for an international order aimed at
ensuring peace and justice among Nations; it
promotes and encourages international
organizations having such ends in view.
The limitation of sovereignty
which is, for every country, the
price of the participation in an
integrated international system,
becomes less onerous
the more a country is able to
contribute genuinely to the
definition of the policies of
international fora
 We the peoples of the United Nations,
determined to save succeeding
generations from the scourge of war….
….determined to safeguard the
freedom, common heritage and
civilisations of their peoples, founded
on the principles of democracy,
individual freedom and the rule of
law….
 …an ever closer union among
the peoples of Europe……
National Interest in
International Fora
Italian priorities
 Being part of the
leading group in the
European integration process
 Strengthening transatlantic relations
 Avoiding marginalisation at the UN
Defining moments in the
participation of Italy to NATO
1956 Three Wise Men Report
1979 Double Track Decision
1988 Redeployment of 401st Air Wing
1990 AMF (A) to Turkey
1991 Rome Summit
1994 NATO Med Dialogue
 1999 Kossovo
 2002 NATO-Russia Council
 2005 Afghanistan
The role of NATO
in a changing world
A Russian ship under NATO flag

in the Mediterranean Sea
The role of NATO in a changing world
From static defence Keep the threats as
to pro-active security distant as possible
from national borders
A new, more interactive

version of the two track 'The fox knows many things, but the
approach hedgehog knows one big thing'
NATO and 9/11
 Immediate reaction
 Art. 5
 AWACS in the USA
 Maritime surveillance
in the Mediterranean
 Awaiting US requests
Afghanistan 2001
 “Enduring Freedom”.
 Each Ally on its own.
 “Don’t call us, we will call you”.
 Tampa instead of Shape.
Reykjavik, May 2002
 “To carry out the full range of its

missions, NATO must be able to
…to field forces,
wherever they field forces that can move quickly to
are needed
wherever they are needed, sustain
operations over distance and time,
and achieve their objectives”.
 Non c’è più “out of area” !!!
The “out of area”

debate is over
Prague Summit, November 2002
 New members.
 New capabilities.
 New partners.
 Deep transformation
of the military tools.
 And Iraq ?
Iraq
 Role and limits of prehemption
 Worst than with De Gaulle
 Old and New Europe
 The unsuccessful attempts of
George Robertson
Istanbul Summit, June 2004
 Improvement of the
transatlantic climate
 Priority to Afghanistan
 Training in Iraq
 Opening towards the
Greater Middle East
 Handover in Bosnia from
NATO to EU
Complex challenges of international security
Illegal immigration WMD’s

Proliferation
Terrorism
Failed, rogue states
THE ARC OF CRISIS
Middle East
Black Sea Caucasus
Mediterranean Central Asia
Western
Balkans AFGHANISTAN
Strengthening
the transatlantic link New approach
Enduring commitment
From Cold War

to new threats Coalitions
of the willing
are not enough
Global NATO ?
From the Balkans

to Afghanistan: It is better to relaunch
the arc of crisis NATO’s
Political Dimension
A LITMUS TEST FOR NATO
Italian expectations for Riga and beyond
 Further transformation to cope with new security challenges
 NATO enlargement within an Euro-Atlantic perspective
 Western Balkans and Mediterranean remain key areas
 An expanded network of partnerships
 NATO should not become a “global cop”
 NATO operations for “effective multilateralism”
 Enduring centrality of the transatlantic link.
Beyond Riga: 5 Scenarios
 Old Boys’ Lounge;
 Strong Toolbox;
 Dispersed Toolbox;
 Return to ESDI;
 Shared Partnership.
ADDRESS BY GENERAL DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER, SUPREME
ALLIED COMMANDER, EUROPE, AT THE ENGLISH SPEAKING
UNION DINNER, LONDON, 3 JULY 1951
We the people of the British Commonwealth and of the

United States have profited by unity at home. If, with our
moral and material assistance, the free European nations
could attain a similar integration, our friends could be
strengthened, our own economies improved and the
laborious NATO machinery of mutual defense vastly
simplified. A solid, healthy, confident Europe would be
the greatest possible boon to the functioning of the
Atlantic Pact.
President John F. Kennedy, Philadelphia, July 4, 1962
We do not regard a strong and united Europe as a rival but as

a partner…. I will say here and now, on this Day of
Independence, that the United States will be ready for a
Declaration of Interdependence, that we will be prepared
to discuss with a united Europe the ways and means of
forming a concrete Atlantic partnership, a mutually
beneficial partnership.
To sum it up ...
 NATO is successful when its political strategy
combines in an effective way the diplomatic
actions and the military tools.
 NATO is successful when Americans and
Europeans acknowledge that they have common
values and interests.
 We do not need less America, we need more
Europe.
 The transatlantic link should be strenghtened,
increasing European responsibilities.

Italy, Nato and The Riga Summit

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Italy, Nato and The Riga Summit

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Italy, NATO

and the Riga Summit

 The role of NATO in a changed world

 Expectations for the Riga Summit

 Strengthening transatlantic relations

 Avoiding marginalisation at the UN

A Russian ship under NATO flag

A new, more interactive

 “To carry out the full range of its

The “out of area”

Illegal immigration WMD’s

Black Sea Caucasus

Mediterranean Central Asia

From Cold War

From the Balkans

We the people of the British Commonwealth and of the

We do not regard a strong and united Europe as a rival but as

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