CHAPTER V

TEMPERATURE AND HEAT

A. TEMPERATURE
The tool used to measure the temperature a thermometer called there are
three kind of thermometer namely : Celsius, reamer, Fahrenheit.
800

1000

373

2120

180 Scale

80 Scale

Boiling point (titik didih)

100 Scale

100 Scale
320

00

00
C

273
F

Melting point (titik lebur)

C = thermometer Celsius (boiling point = 1000 C )

R = thermometer Reamer (boiling point = 800 R )
F= thermometer Fahrenheit (boiling point = 2120 F )
K= thermometer Kelvin (boiling point= 373 K)

The Formula :

tC : tR : ( tF 32 ): (tK 273) = 100 : 80 : 180: 100

tC : tR : ( tF 32 ) : (tK - 273) = 5 : 4 : 9 : 5

The unit of absolute temperature is Kelvin.

T = tC + 273
The general formula:

tX t mX tY t mY

tbX t mX tbY t mY

tX = temperatur of thermometer X
tmX= melting point of thermometer X
tbX = boiling point of thermometer X
tY = temperatur of thermometer Y
tmY= melting point of thermometer Y
tbY = boiling point of thermometer Y

Problems.
1.

2.
3.
4.

5.
6.

Scale of the Celsius thermometer show 500.

What is the scale of the thermometer :
a. Kelvin
b. Reamur
c. Fahrenheit
a. 73 K = .oF
b. 40 oR= OK
c. 45 OF=oK
If X scale based on Celsius scale and have melting point 100 and
boiling point 1400. determine Celcius scale if X scale 400.
Thermometer B have a melting point 50 and boiling point 1150.
determine the temperature of B thermometer, if the Fahrenheit
scale is 1130 F.
Find the Celsius scale which is equal to the Fahrenheit scale.
Find also the reamur scale which is equal to the Fahrenheit scale.
Find the Fahrenheit scale which is bigger 200 than the reamer
scale. Find also the Celsius scale which is smaller 100 than the
Fahrenheit.

 The formula conversion between Fahrenheit and Celsius is given below:

F = 9/5*C + 32
To find the temperature both scales are equal we can use another
equation and combine it with this previous equation. The equation is
simply F = C. Plug in for F or C and solve. Both cases are shown below:
C = 9/5*C + 32
C - 9/5*C = 32
-4/5*C = 32
C = (-32*5)/4 = -40
F = 9/5*F + 32
F - 9/5*F = 32
-4/5*F = 32
F = (-32*5)/4 = -40

Thus, at the cold temperature of negative 40, this temperature is the

same on both the Fahrenheit and Celsius temperature scales.

 Celsius to Fahrenheit F = 9/5 ( C) + 32

Kelvin to Fahrenheit F = 9/5( K - 273) + 32
Fahrenheit to Celsius C = 5/9( F - 32)
Celsius to Kelvin K = C + 273
Fahrenheit to Kelvin K = 5/9 ( F - 32) + 273

B. HEAT
Is the energy transferred from one object to the other of the temperature
differences.
The amount of energy absorbed or released of an object can be state with
the formula:
Q = heat (J)
Q = m . c . t
m = mass (kg)
C=m.c
Q = C . t

c = specific heat of substance (J/kg K)

C = heat capacity (J/kg)

t = temperature changes (K)

1 cal = 4,2 J
1 cal/g.oC = 4200 J/kg K

Problems :
1.
An amount of 3.106 j heat is given to the 4 kg aluminum box with the
temperature of 300 C ( c = 900 J / kg 0c ). Find the end temperature of the box.
2.
An object of 400 g with a specific heat of 3600 J / kg 0c is heated so the
temperature raise from 250C to 1000C.
Find :
a. Heat capacity.
b. the absorb heat.
3.
An aluminum foil of 200 g with a temperature of 900C is put inside 100 g water
of 200C. Suppose that there is no missing heat. cal = 900 J / kg 0C, cw = 4200 J
/ kg 0C find the end temperature of the mixture.
4.
A 0,5 kg tin of 1000C plunge into 0,2 kg water of 200C in an aluminum calorie
meter of 0,1 kg. The end of the temperature is 240C.
cAl = 900 J / kg k, ca = 4200 J / kg k.
find the tin specific heat ?
5.
Ice of 50 g at -10oC is put on a 100 g hot plate of glass at 300oC, find the final
temperature of the system. (cice= 0,5 cal/g oC, Lice= 80 cal/g, cwater= 1 cal/g oC,
and cglass= 0,2 cal/g oC)
6.
A sheet of nickel weighing 10.0 g and at a temperature of 18.0 C is placed flat
on a sheet of iron weighing 20.0 g and at a temperature of 55.6 C. What is the
final temperature of the combined metals? Assume that no heat is lost to the
surroundings

C. PHASE CHANGES OF SUBSTANCES

Graphic :

Gas

Liquid
(Cair)

Q=m.L

Solid
(padat)

L = Latent Heat (J/kg)

The changes of states especially for water from solid ( ice ) to gas (
steam ) caused by giving heat energy can explain as in the graph below :

Q4
1000C

Q2
00

1000C

Q3
00

Q1

Solid

absorb heat energy of Q1 = m . cs.t

Melting

absorb heat energy of Q2 = m . Lm

Liquid

absorb heat energy of Q3 = m . cl . t

Boiling

absorb heat energy of Q4 = m . Lb

gas

absorb heat energy of Q5 = m. cg . t

notice:

Lm = Melting latent heat

Lb = Boiling latent heat

C. BLACKS PRINCIPLE
The problem of heat is on the blacks principle which is state that the
amount of the absorb heat is the same with the release heat.
Heat lost

by hot object

= Heat gained by cold object

In symbols,

Q release = Q absorb

Problems
Find the heat energy to change 4 Kg of ice 100C to gas of 1000C
ci = 2100 J/Kg k
Le = 2256.103 J / kg
cw= 4200 J / kg k
Lf = 334.103 J / kg
25 gr of solid matter absorb heat energy of 200 J/s so it change all to gas
in the graph :

1.

2.

D
B

20

C
60

75

90

time ( minute )

A
Find specific latent heat of fusion and evaporation!

3.
4.

400 g ice of -40C put into 800 g water of 600C so the ice all
melted. Find the final temperature of the mixture.
A glass tube (m=300g) of specific heat 0,2 cal / g0C filled with ice
of 25 g -20C. Then water of 150 g 400C put into the tube so that
all the ice are melted.
Find the final temperature of the mixture.

1 liter = 1 dm3
1 liter = 1000 cc
1 liter = 1000 ml
1000 liter = 1 m3
1 ml
= 1000 mm3
1 kg
= 1 liter
100 gram = 0,1 liter
1 m3
= 1000 liter
1 dm3
= 1 liter
#agar mudah menghafal, pahamilah menggunakan
pendekatan sehari-hari, seperti dibawah ini :
Kalau punya bak mandi ukuran 1m x 1m x 1m, maka volume air
sama dengan 1000 liter
Kalau membeli air minum mineral sebanyak 1 liter, maka
volume air sama dengan 1000 cc / 1000 ml

D. Substance Expansion
Any substance which increase the temperature will be expanded,
exceptions on water from 0C to 4C which will we reduce in volumes. This
stronger feature is called water anomaly.
I. Solid Expansion
Linear Expansion
Any solids with elongation ( eg.wire ) when it heated the length will be in
creased.
The elongations of the expansion can be found wit the formulate :

.o t
t o (1 t)

= Length elongation
= linier expansion coefficient

= Temperature

= Final length

= Initial length

Problems
1.
Length of a railway is made of steel is 20 m in 100C. Find the
length of the railway when the temperature is 400C.( = 11.10-6/C)
2.
Two railway, each of then 15 m length will be set. If the minimum
and maximum temperature on that place is 250 C and 400 C,
find the minimum distance two railway to be set. ( = 11.10-6/C
3.
A bar of steel (l = 2m) increase the length 2 mm when heated
arrive the temperature increase 600C. Find the length expansion
of the steel when the temperature increase 200C.

II. Area Expansion

A plate when heated will be increase in area. The area
expansion can be found by the formula :

t 1 t

= Area expansion

= Area expansion coeff

= Initial area
t = final area

Problems
1. A plaited of aluminum with its length of 20 cm and wide
12 cm heated from 200C to 500C.
Find the final area of the plate.(= 24.10-6/C)
2. A wheel of steel of 200C have an inside radius of 200
mm will be set to a wooden wheel of radius 202 mm it
the linear expansion coefficient the steel 1,25.10-5/0C.
Find the final temperature so that the wheel of steel
will be set up to the wooden wheel precisely.

III. Liquids Expansion

Liquids when heated will increase in
volum,exceptionnally of water.
When water
heated from 00C to 40C the volume will reduce.
The liquids expansion can be found from the
formula :
V V t

Vt V 1 t

V = Volume expansion

= Volume expansion coefficient

Vt = Final volume
Vo = Initial volume

Problem:
1. The bar of steel of 20 cm x 5 cm x 3 cm temperature
400C. The bar is heated so its final volume 300,54 cm3.
If the linear expansion coefficient of steel 15.10-6/0C.
Find the final temperature the bar heated !
2. A bottle have a volume of 400 cm3 filled with water of
400C. Then the bottle heated to 600C. Find the water
spilled out if the bottle expansion: ( glass= 9.10-6/oC,
water= 2,1.10-4/oC)
a. Neglected
b. Counted,

IV. Gas Expansion

When a gas in a closed room the temperature remain
constant, according to Boyle, the changes of pressure
and volumes is always constant.

P.V constan
According to Gay-Lussac, if the pressure is constant we
have the relationship as follow :

V
konstan
T

If the formula (1) and (2) combine, the

formula is know as Boyle-Gay Lussac
formula.
PV
konstan
T

P1V1 P2V2

T1
T2

P1 = First Pressure ( atm,N/m2 )

P2 = Last Pressure ( atm,N/m2 )
V1 = First Volume ( cm3,m3 )
V2 = Last Volume ( cm3,m3 )
T1
= First Temperature
T2 = Last Temperature

1atm = 76 cm Hg

Problems
1. A gas of H2 in a tube of 270C and volume 6 L, have the
pressure of 2 atm. Find the volume if the gas heated to
1770C in pressure constant.
2. A tube with its volume 8 L filled with gas of O2. The
gas is heated to constant temperature so the pressure
change to 3 times as before. Find the percentage of
the volume changes ?.

E. Heat Transfer.
Heat can travel in three ways :

1.

Conduction
Conduction is the flow of heat through matter without the changes of the particles of
the medium.

eg : heat transfer on a bar of iron.

The amount of the heat energy conduction per second can be found in the formula

Q
K . A.T

t
d

Q = Heat energy
t = Time
K = thermal conductivity
A = Area
d = Length of the rod
T = Temperature Changes

Two rods of different type join together will follow the rules that the heat energy transfer per
second on the two rods have the same amount as in the formula below :

Q1

Q2
=

2.

Convection
Convection is the flow at heat with the changes of the particles of the
medium.
eg : heat transfer of water heating.
The amount of the heat energy per second is :
h = Convection coefficient

Q
h. A.T
t

3.

Radiation
Radiation is the flow of heat in the form of electromagnetic waves ( no
medium melded ). The amount of energy radioactive is determined kg
Stefan Bolliztman :

Q
e4
t
Q = Radiation energy
t = time
= 5,67.10-8 watt / m2k4

A = Area of surface
T = Temperature
e = Emisivity

Black body is an object that are able to amity / absorb of heat energy perfectly.
If the temperature of the body is different we than the surroundings, if follows :

Q
4
4
e.(1 2 )
t
Problems
1.

An air conditional room have a glass window of 4 m2 area end the width of 2 mm.
if the temperature of the surface inside is 200C end outside 300C, find the heat
energy per second.( kglass= 0,8 J / m.s.oC )

A
2.

C
P

B
Q

400C

1100C
Two rods of P and Q jointed. If Kp = KQ and AC = 2 CB, find the temperature of
C.
3.

An object of 2 m2 300C put in on a room of 200C find the heat energy emit from the
object through convection in 5 minutes.

h = Convection coefficient =8 J/s.m2.oC

4.

5.

A string of wire on a filament lamp has an area of 100 mm2

11270C. It the wire supposed to be a black body find :
a. The heat energy radiate each second.
b. the electric current flow if the lamp connected to 220 V.
An object has an area 10 cm2 radiates on 5270C in a room of
1270C. The object emisivity of 0,8.
Find then energy radiates in 1 minute heat.