Dry type transformers Zaragoza

Drives application
ABB Group 2009
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Index

Variable speed drives

Specialized transformer
Effects of harmonics in transformers
Special design

Examples

ABB Group 2009

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Variable speed drives I

ABB Group 2009

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ABB is the worlds leading supplier of AC drive products and systems for
industrial use, commercial and residential applications, improving
manageability, efficiency and energy economical processes.

Variable speed drives II

Drives applications
Cement
Mining and Minerals

Power Generation

Petrochemical

Metals

Pulp and Paper

Water Plants

Marine

ABB Group 2009

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Oil and Gas

And many more

Variable speed drives III

ABB standard solutions

Customer feels safe in ABB hands

ABB Group 2009

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ABB AC Drives know-how, experience of

industrial and utility applications and
flexibility to build complete packages
according to customer needs.

Deep cooperation between ABB divisions

by achieving standard added value
solutions:

Simplifies equipment supply process,

installation and commission.

Shorter delivery time.

Benefits to end users.

Assures successful function of whole

package.

Variable speed drives IV

ABB variable speed drives
Devices used to vary the speed of
AC Motors

ABB Group 2009

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ABB has the most

comprehensive drive family in
the market with the most
advanced and proven technology
available.

AC drives can be connected to

most rotating machines, which in
turn, improve process control
flexibility, accuracy, productivity,
reliability and energy efficiency.

AC Drives is a product family

with a wide selection of products
and high technology, suited for
several application areas:
pumps, fans, compressors,
conveyors, mills, thrusters,
drilling packages, gas turbines,
extruders, mixers, propulsion,
hoist.

Variable speed drives V

ACS 800 (high and low harmonic content)
Vacuum cast coil transformer characteristics:

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Manufactured according to IEC 60076-11, IEC 60146-1-3, IEC 61378-1

Two and three winding

transformers.

30 shift for 12-pulse operation

(three-winding transformers).

Maximum symmetry must be

guaranteed between the
secondary windings.

Electrostatic screen between

primary and secondary windings.

Transformers designed to
withstand the harmonic content
of the network.

Variable speed drives VI

ACS 1000
Vacuum cast coil transformer
characteristics:

Manufactured according to IEC

60076-11, IEC 60146-1-3, IEC
61378-1

Three-winding, dry type transformer.

Electrostatic screen between primary

and secondary windings.

Secondary windings designed and tested

with a superior insulation level.

Maximum symmetry guaranteed between

secondary windings.

Cross divisional cooperation within ABB in

order to design the optimum transformers
for the ACS1000 application.

6 .0
5 .5
5 .0

V Com m on

4 .5
4 .0

Example of common mode

voltage wave form, measured on
the secondary side phase to
ground.

3 .5
3 .0

V S ec

2 .5
2 .0
1 .5
1 .0

V O ffse t

0 .5
0 .0
-0 .5
-1 .0
-1 .5
-2 .0
-2 .5
-3 .0

k V - 3 .5
- 4 .0

10

20

m sec

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Variable speed drives VII

ACS 1000i

Vacuum cast coil

transformer characteristics:

Electrostatic screen between primary and

secondary windings.

Manufactured according to
IEC 60076-11, IEC 60146-1-3,
IEC 61378-1.

Secondary windings designed and tested

with a superior insulation level.

Maximum symmetry guaranteed between

secondary windings.

Cross divisional cooperation within ABB, in

order to design the optimum transformers
for the ACS1000 application.

Five-winding, dry type

transformers to operate with a
24 pulses generator integrated
in ACS 1000 drive.

24 pulses vacuum cast coil Transformer for an ACS1000i Drive

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Variable speed drives VIII

ACS 5000
Vacuum cast coil transformer
characteristics:

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Manufactured according to IEC 60076-11,

IEC 60146-1-3, IEC 61378-1.

2 x four windings dry type transformers, to

operate with a 36 pulse generator.

Electrostatic screen between primary and

secondary windings.

Secondary windings designed and tested

with a superior insulation level.

Maximum symmetry guaranteed between

secondary windings.

Variable speed drives IX

ACS 6000
Vacuum cast coil transformer
characteristics:
Manufactured according to IEC
60076-11, IEC 60146-1-3, IEC
61378-1.

Options:

6-pulse: two windings dry type

transformer. Casted secondary windings.

12-pulse: 2 x two windings dry type

transformers. Casted secondary
windings.

18-pulse: 3 x two windings serial

connected dry type transformers. Casted
secondary windings.

Additionally transformers for the

ACS6000 ARU are designed and tested
with a superior insulation level.

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Transformers for drives

Applications

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These transformers for VSD are used in several applications such as:

Traction

Propulsion

Rectification

Excitation

Specialized transformers
Non-standard transformers

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Transformers for variable speed drives, are non standard transformers due to the
distortion created by harmonics:

Harmonics from rectifiers.

Overvoltages during transients.

Due to these factors, this transformer type requires a special design.

Effects of harmonics in transformers I

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Harmonics are distortions of the mains supply occurring at multiples

of the supply frequency. Any equipment which uses electronics to
change one voltage and / or frequency to another will generate
harmonic currents and consequently voltage distortion.

Effects of harmonics in transformers II

Source of current harmonics
Non linear load generate harmonics

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Switching the line current with line

frequency or its multiple by
means of electronic switches.

No-linear impedance.

Current dependant
resistances: Arc furnaces,
welding machines, fluorescent
lamps

Voltage dependant
inductance: Transformers and
core reactors.

Switching on saturable
inductance as induction
motors or transformers.

Effects of harmonics in transformers III

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Effects of voltage harmonics.

Increase of no load losses.

Increase of noise level.

Generated voltage shape is not fully

sinusoidal.

Effects of current harmonics.

Increase of load losses.

Local overheating due to uneven

distribution of the eddy losses.

Eventually resonance over voltages.

Effects of harmonics in transformers IV

Evaluation of harmonic content

Total harmonic distortion factor:

The quotient of the r.m.s. value of the sum of all the harmonic
components up to a specific order and the r.m.s. value of the
fundamental component:

Qh

h =2
Q1

THD =

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h= H

The limitation of THD is aimed to prevent the simultaneous

presence of several harmonics components with high amplitude.

Effects of harmonics in transformers V

Compatibility levels for voltage harmonics.

According to IEC 61000-2-4 for class 3 environments:

THD 10%

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There are also limitations for individual value:

Odd order excluding multiple of three (3,9,15).

Even order.

Odd order multiple of three.

Inter harmonics.

Special design I

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Due to the flow of harmonic currents in both Low voltage and high voltage
windings, there are extra losses and extra heating, thus the transformer
must be over rated according to a higher equivalent power.

Due to the flow of harmonic currents through the network and transformer
impedance, there is a voltage distortion (voltage harmonics) on the
transformer magnetic core, which could saturate. To avoid core saturation,
the magnetic core must be over sized.

Special design II

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In order to avoid capacitate coupling between high voltage and low voltage and
to protect the power electronics devices on low voltage side from over voltages in
HV side, it is recommended to place an electrostatic shield between high voltage
and low voltage windings.

In some cases (i.e. ACS1000), due to floating systems or high du/dt,

higher insulation levels on low voltage windings are needed.

Special design III

In case of three or more winding transformers the following points

must be considered:

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The low voltage winding placed at top position must be over

rated because of its worse cooling (hot cooling air coming from
the bottom low voltage winding).

Special design IV

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The number of turns of low voltage windings must be modified in

order to reach the voltage ratio between these two low voltage
windings.

The impedance between low voltage windings must be matched

by calculating and manufacturing carefully the windings
dimensions.

The space factor is more critical because of the insulation gap

between windings, and the larger size of the transformer.

In order to guarantee the correct losses and good operation, the

high voltage winding is split in two or more parallel circuits with
two o more tap changers instead of one circuit.

Examples

ACS1000Air

ACS5000Air

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ACS1000Water

ACS5000Water

Dry type vacuum cast coil

Dry type transformers

serving drives for customer
satisfaction.

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 ABB Group 2009

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