Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Presented by
John S. Levine, P.E.
Levine Lectronics and Lectric, Inc.
770 565-1556
John@L-3.com
1
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Protection Fundamentals
By
John Levine
2
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Outline
Introductions
Tools
Enervista Launchpad
On Line Store
Demo Relays at Levine
ANSI number
Training CDs
Protection Fundamentals
3
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Objective
We are here to help make your job easier.
This is very informal and designed around
Applications. Please ask question. We
are not here to preach to you.
The knowledge base in the room varies
greatly. If you have a question, there is a
good chance there are 3 or 4 other people
that have the same question. Please ask
it.
4
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Tools
5
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
6
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
7
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Relays at L-3
8
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
9
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
10
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
ANSI Symbols
11
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Conversion of Electro-Mechanical
to Electronic sheet
12
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
13
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Protection Fundamentals
14
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Multilin
16
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
17
Multilin
Multilin
Multilin
Types of Protection
Overcurrent
Uses current to determine magnitude of fault
Simple
May employ definite time or inverse time curves
May be slow
Selectivity at the cost of speed (coordination stacks)
Inexpensive
May use various polarizing voltages or ground current
for directionality
Communication aided schemes make more selective
20
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Distribution
Substation
21
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
(TOC) Coordination
Relay closest to fault operates
first
Relays closer to source
operate slower
Time between operating for
same current is called CTI
Distribution
Substation
22
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
23
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Multiples of pick-up
24
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Types of Protection
Differential
current in = current out
Simple
Very fast
Very defined clearing area
Expensive
Practical distance limitations
Line differential systems overcome this using
digital communications
26
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Differential
Note CT polarity
dots
This is a
through-current
representation
Perfect
waveforms, no
saturation
27
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Differential
Note CT
polarity dots
This is an
internal fault
representation
Perfect
waveforms, no
saturation
28
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Types of Protection
Voltage
Uses voltage to infer fault or abnormal
condition
May employ definite time or inverse time
curves
May also be used for undervoltage load
shedding
Simple
May be slow
Selectivity at the cost of speed (coordination
stacks)
Inexpensive
29
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Types of Protection
Frequency
Uses frequency of voltage to detect power
balance condition
May employ definite time or inverse time
curves
Used for load shedding & machinery
under/overspeed protection
Simple
May be slow
Selectivity at the cost of speed can be expensive
30
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Types of Protection
Power
Uses voltage and current to determine
power flow magnitude and direction
Typically definite time
Complex
May be slow
Accuracy important for many applications
Can be expensive
31
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Types of Protection
Distance (Impedance)
Uses voltage and current to determine impedance of
fault
Set on impedance [R-X] plane
Uses definite time
Impedance related to distance from relay
Complicated
Fast
Somewhat defined clearing area with reasonable
accuracy
Expensive
Communication aided schemes make more selective
32
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Impedance
ZL
ZB
T2
ZA
T1
21
21
Source
33
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Generation-typically at 4-20kV
Transmission-typically at 230-765kV
Typical
Bulk
Power
System
Multilin
Protection Zones
1. Generator or Generator-Transformer Units
2. Transformers
3. Buses
4. Lines (transmission and distribution)
Bus zone
Line zone
Bus zone
Motor zone
Transformer zone
Transformer zone
~
Generator
XFMR
Bus
Line
Bus
XFMR
Bus
Motor
37
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Zone Overlap
1.
2.
Relay Zone A
Zone A
Relay Zone B
Relay Zone A
Zone B
Zone A
Relay Zone B
Zone B
38
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Multilin
C37.2:
Device
Numbers
Partial listing
44
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Multilin
46
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
47
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
48
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
49
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
1-Line [1]
50
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
1-Line [2]
3-Line
52
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
55
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
86b
86
TC
86a
86b
58
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
59
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
60
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Current Transformers
Current transformers are used to step primary system currents
to values usable by relays, meters, SCADA, transducers, etc.
CT ratios are expressed as primary to secondary; 2000:5, 1200:5,
600:5, 300:5
A 2000:5 CT has a CTR of 400
61
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Multilin
64
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Voltage Transformers
Voltage (potential) transformers are used to isolate and step
down and accurately reproduce the scaled voltage for the
protective device or relay
VT ratios are typically expressed as primary to secondary;
14400:120, 7200:120
A 4160:120 VT has a VTR of 34.66
VP
VS
Relay
66
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
67
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Secondary Circuit
68
Multilin
Equipment Grounding
Prevents shock exposure of personnel
Provides current carrying capability for the
ground-fault current
Grounding includes design and construction of
substation ground mat and CT and VT safety
grounding
69
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
System Grounding
Limits overvoltages
Limits difference in electric potential through local
area conducting objects
Several methods
Ungrounded
Reactance Coil Grounded
High Z Grounded
Low Z Grounded
Solidly Grounded
70
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
System Grounding
1. Ungrounded: There is no intentional
ground applied to the systemhowever its grounded through
natural capacitance. Found in 2.415kV systems.
X0 <= 10 * X1
71
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
System Grounding
3. High Resistance Grounded: Limits
ground fault current to 10A-20A.
Used to limit transient overvoltages
due to arcing ground faults.
R0 <= X0C/3, X0C is capacitive zero
sequence reactance
72
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
System Grounding
73
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Medium/High
Resistance
Ground
Low/No
Resistance
Ground
79
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Substation Types
Single Supply
Multiple Supply
Mobile Substations for emergencies
Multilin
81
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
82
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Multilin
Bus
1
Bus 2
Multilin
Main bus
Aux. bus
Main
Reserve
Transfer
Tie
breaker
Bus 1
Bus 2
85
Multilin
Switchgear Defined
Assemblies containing electrical switching,
protection, metering and management devices
Used in three-phase, high-power industrial,
commercial and utility applications
Covers a variety of actual uses, including motor
control, distribution panels and outdoor
switchyards
The term "switchgear" is plural, even when
referring to a single switchgear assembly (never
say, "switchgears")
May be a described in terms of use:
"the generator switchgear"
"the stamping line switchgear"
86
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Switchgear Examples
Multilin
Multilin
96
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Contribution to Faults
97
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
98
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
102
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Useful Conversions
105
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Multilin
107
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Actual Quantity
Base Quantity
Vpu = Vactual
Vbase
Ipu = Iactual
Ibase
Zpu = Zactual
Zbase
108
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
109
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Zpu = Zactual
Zbase
Zpu1 = MVAbase1
kV
2
base1
2
base
MVAbase
Zactual
Zpu2 = MVAbase2
2
base1 x
kV 2base2
Zpu2 =Zpu1 x kV
kV
X
2
base2
Zactual
MVAbase2
MVAbase1
110
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
A Study of a Fault.
123
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
125
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Sacrifices coordination
129
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
131
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
132
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
136
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Protection Fundamentals
QUESTIONS?
137
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin