HOW HOSTS IN A NETWORK COMMUNICATE

How hots in a network

communicate with each other?
Sales
IP = 192.168.100.15
SNM = 255.255.255.0

GW1

GW2

X.25 WAN

Accounts
IP = 192.168.100.5
SNM = 255.255.255.0

Head office Pc1

IP = 10.1.1.2
SNM = 255.255.255.0

Marketing
IP = 192.168.100.10
SNM = 255.255.255.0

Head office server

IP = 10.1.1.1
SNM = 255.255.255.0

Ethernet Network

N/W Address 192.168.100.0

X.25 Network

Token Ring Network

N/W Address 10.1.1.0

Assume Accounts wants to

communicate with Marketing
Sales
IP = 192.168.100.15
SNM = 255.255.255.0

GW1

GW2

X.25 WAN

Accounts
IP = 192.168.100.5
SNM = 255.255.255.0

Head office Pc1

IP = 10.1.1.2
SNM = 255.255.255.0

Marketing
IP = 192.168.100.10
SNM = 255.255.255.0

Users in a network use hosts name to communicate.

But computers can not communicate with each other directly by using host names

Head office server

IP = 10.1.1.1
SNM = 255.255.255.0

Solution--Host Name
DNS
IP Address

Marketing
DNS
192.168.100.10

Accounts communicate with Marketing (Cont)

GW1

GW2

X.25 WAN

Marketing

Accounts
IP = 192.168.100.5
SNM = 255.255.255.0

IP = 192.168.100.10
SNM = 255.255.255.0

Now host Accounts knows the IP address of host Marketing

Then host Accounts wants to find out whether host Marketing is in the same network or a different network
Solution--Use subnet Mask to find out the network address of host Marketing
Host Marketing IP = 192.168.100.10
Subnet Mask
= 255.255.255.0
Network address = 192.168.100.0
As network addresses of host Marketing is similar to the network address of Host Accounts, Host Accounts get
to know that both of them are in the same network
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Accounts communicate with Marketing (Cont)

GW1

GW2

X.25 WAN

Marketing

Accounts
IP = 192.168.100.5
SNM = 255.255.255.0

IP = 192.168.100.10
SNM = 255.255.255.0

Then host Accounts creates the following data transmission unit called Packet

DATA

Header

Body

FCS

Destination Source
Address
Address

Trailer
5

Accounts communicate with Marketing (Cont)

GW1

GW2

X.25 WAN

Marketing

Accounts
IP = 192.168.100.5
SNM = 255.255.255.0

IP = 192.168.100.10
SNM = 255.255.255.0

But hosts cannot directly communicate using IP addresses and packets

They use frames for communication.

FCS

DATA

FCS

MAC
Accounts

MAC
Marketing

Frame uses MAC addresses for their communication

Accounts communicate with Marketing (Cont)

What is a MAC address?
Mac address is a 48 bit address
Maximum number of possible addresses = 248 = 281,474,976,710,656
MAC address has two main parts
Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI) & Item Identifier

MAC address is burnt in to the NIC by the manufacturer

Accounts communicate with Marketing (Cont)

GW1

GW2

X.25 WAN

Marketing

Accounts
IP = 192.168.100.5
SNM = 255.255.255.0

IP = 192.168.100.10
SNM = 255.255.255.0

But host accounts do not know the MAC address of Host Marketing
Solution ---Use ARP & find it out.
IP address
ARP
MAC address

192.168.100.10
ARP
MAC Marketting
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Address Resolution Protocol

Accounts
IP = 192.168.100.5

Marketing
IP = 192.168.100.10

IP: 192.168.100.10 = ???

Computer with IP 192.168.100.10

Please reply with your MAC address

FCS

I need the
Ethernet
address of
192.168.100.10

Address Resolution Protocol

I need the
Ethernet
address of
192.168.100.10
Accounts
192.168.100.5

Marketing

I heard that broadcast.

The message is for me.
Here is my Ethernet
address.

192.168.100.10

IP: 192.168.100.10 = ???

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Address Resolution Protocol

I need the
Ethernet
address of
192.168.100.10
Accounts
192.168.100.5

Marketing

I heard that broadcast.

The message is for me.
Here is my Ethernet
address.

192.168.100.10

IP: 192.168.100.10 = ???

My MAC address = 0800.0020.1111

FCS

IP: 192.168.100.10
Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111

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Address Resolution Protocol

Now host
Accounts has the
MAC address of
host Marketing
Accounts

Now Accounts &

Marketing can
communicate
directly with each
other using
frames

192.168.100.5

Marketing

I heard that broadcast.

The message is for me.
Here is my Ethernet
address.

192.168.100.10

IP: 192.168.100.10 = ???

IP: 192.168.100.10
Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111

Map IP

MAC
Local ARP
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Assume Accounts wants to

communicate with H/O Server
Sales
IP = 192.168.100.15
SNM = 255.255.255.0

GW1

GW2

X.25 WAN

Accounts
IP = 192.168.100.5
SNM = 255.255.255.0

Head office Pc1

IP = 10.1.1.2
SNM = 255.255.255.0

Marketing
IP = 192.168.100.10
SNM = 255.255.255.0

Users in a network use hosts name to communicate.

But computers can not communicate with each other directly by using host names

Head office server

IP = 10.1.1.1
SNM = 255.255.255.0

Solution--Host Name

H/O Server

DNS

DNS

IP Address

10.1.1.1

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Accounts communicate
with H/O Server (Cont)
GW1

GW2

X.25 WAN

Accounts

Head office server

IP = 10.1.1.1
SNM = 255.255.255.0

IP = 192.168.100.5
SNM = 255.255.255.0

Now host Accounts knows the IP address of host H/O Server

Then host Accounts wants to find out whether host H/O Server is in the same network or a different network
Solution--Use subnet Mask to find out the network address of host Marketing
Host Marketing IP = 10.1.1.1
Subnet Mask
= 255.255.255.0
Network address = 10.1.1.0
As network addresses of host H/O Server is different from the network address of Host Accounts,
Host Accounts get to know that they are in two different networks.
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Accounts communicate
with H/O Server (Cont)

GW1

GW2

X.25 WAN

Accounts

Head office server

IP = 10.1.1.1
SNM = 255.255.255.0

IP = 192.168.100.5
SNM = 255.255.255.0

Then host Accounts creates the following data transmission unit called Packet

DATA

Header

Body

FCS

Destination Source
Address
Address

Trailer
15

Accounts communicate
with H/O Server (Cont)
GW1

GW2

X.25 WAN

Head office server

Accounts

IP = 10.1.1.1
SNM = 255.255.255.0

IP = 192.168.100.5
SNM = 255.255.255.0

But hosts cannot directly communicate using IP addresses and packets

They use frames for communication.
Frame uses MAC addresses for their communication

FCS

DATA

FCS

MAC
Accounts

MAC
GW1

But frames can not go end to end, It can only be used within the network

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Accounts communicate
with H/O Server (Cont)
GW1

GW2
X.25 WAN

Head office server

IP = 10.1.1.1
SNM = 255.255.255.0

Accounts
IP = 192.168.100.5
SNM = 255.255.255.0

FCS
FCS

MAC
GW2

GW2 to H/O Server

FCS

DATA

FCS

MAC
GW1

MAC
GW2

X.25 Frame

FCS

MAC
Accounts

MAC
GW1

DATA

GW1 to GW2

MAC
H/O Server

FCS

Ethernet Frame

Accounts to GW1

Token Ring Frame

DATA

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Summary

Within a network frames are used to communicate

MAC addressing is used as the addressing scheme in frames
MAC addresses do not have a logical structure those are flat addresses
Frame types & the destination & source MAC addresses vary network to network
Therefore MAC addresses & frames can not be used for end to end communication
Packets structure & addressing do not change network to network
Therefore packets and IP addressing are used as the end to end transmission units

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