Quantitative Analysis Using

Alaa Sadik, Ph.D.

Curricula & Instruction, Faculty of Education
South Valley University, Qena 11183, Egypt
e-mail: alaasadik@hotmail.com
http://www.freewebs.com/alaasadik

Quantitative Analysis
Using SPSS
Manipulation of Data

Data Analysis

Manipulation
and
Transformation
of
Data

Manipulation and Transformation

of Data

Recode
Compute
Replace missing values
Select cases
Sort cases
Merge files
Aggregate data

Methods for transforming data

Computing a new variable
Recode

into same variable

different variable

Select subset of cases

Random sample
Replace missing values

Compute a new variable

You can calculate different variables from
the existing variables.
For this you need to know the way to
compute your target variable from the
existing variables.
You can perform operations like addition,
subtraction, division and multiplication of
variables to create a new variable.

Recode into same variable

Using SPSS you can recode a variable into

the same variable?

Recode into different variable

You can Recode existing variable into a
different variable.
Recode into Different Variables reassigns
the values of existing variables or collapses
ranges of existing values into new values
for a new variable.
For example, you could collapse salaries
into a new variable containing salary-range
categories.

Select subset of cases

You can select subset of cases for your
analysis using SPSS.
For example, you can use select procedure
if you want to do analysis of the relation
between education of females and their
income from the data set that has
information of both males and females.

Replace missing values

Missing observations can be problematic in
analysis, and some time series measures
cannot be computed if there are missing
values in the series.
Replace Missing Values creates new time
series variables from existing ones,
replacing missing values with estimates
computed with one of several methods.

Aggregate data
Aggregate Data combines groups of cases
into single summary cases and creates a
new aggregated data file.
Cases are aggregated based on the value of
one or more grouping variables.
The new data file contains one case for each
group.

Create time series

Create Time Series creates new variables
based on functions of existing numeric time
series variables.
These transformed values are useful in
many time series analysis procedures.
Available functions for creating time series
variables include differences, moving
averages.

Sort cases
You can sort cases of the data file based on
the values of one or more sorting variables.
You can sort cases in ascending or
descending order.
If you select multiple sort variables, cases are
sorted by each variable within categories of
the prior variable on the Sort list.

Merge files
There are two types of merging:
Adding new cases for the same variables.
Adding new variables for the same cases.
Depending on what you want to add you
select this option.

Add cases

Add Cases merges the working data file with a

second data file that contains the same variables
but different cases.
For example, you might record the same
information for customers in two different sales
regions and maintain the data for each region in
separate files.
Variables from the working data file are identified
with an asterisk (*). Variables from the external
data file are identified with a plus sign (+).

Add variables
Add Variables merges the working data file
with an external data file that contains the
same cases but different variables.
For example, you might want to merge a
data file that contains pre-test results with
one that contains post-test results.
You can save this new file with a new name
after merging.

Before merging

Cases must be sorted in the same order in both

data files.
If one or more key variables are used to match
cases, the two data files must be sorted by
ascending order of the key variable(s).
Variable names in the second data file that
duplicate variable names in the working data file
are excluded by default because Add Variables
assumes that these variables contain duplicate
information.

Data

Analysis

Types of Variables

Nominal

Ordinal

example: nationality, race, gender

based on a concept (two categories variable called
dichotomous nominal)
example: knowledge, skill... (more than, equal, less than)
rank-ordered in terms of a criterion from highest to lowest

Interval/Ratio

example: age, income, speed...

based on arithmetic qualities and have a fixed zero point

Types of Analysis
Univariate Analysis
Descriptive Statistics (Summarising Data)

Frequency Distributions

Frequency tables
Histograms

Types of Analysis
Univariate Analysis
Descriptive Statistics (Summarising Data)

Central Tendency

The mean
The median
The mode

Types of Analysis
Univariate Analysis
Descriptive Statistics (Summarising Data)

Central Tendency

The mean the arithmetic average

m = (S X) / N
identifies the balance point in a distribution of scores.

Types of Analysis
Univariate Analysis
Descriptive Statistics (Summarising Data)

Variance

spread of data around the mean

The range
Standard deviation

Types of Analysis
Univariate Analysis
The Range
The range is the difference between the highest and lowest
scores.

= Range = Highest Score - Lowest Score

Types of Analysis
Univariate Analysis

Standard Deviation

The standard deviation is the average amount of deviation

from the mean within a group of scores.
The greater the spread of scores, the greater the standard
deviation.

Types of Analysis
Skewness
Skewness refers to the degree and direction of asymmetry in a
distribution.

No Skew

Positively Skewed

Negatively Skewed

Types of Analysis
Bivariate Analysis
Exploring

differences
relationships

between two variables

Types of Analysis
Bivariate Analysis

Exploring differences between two variables

Criteria for selecting bivariate tests of differences

Type of data (nominal/ordinal/interval)

Purpose of investigation (means/varience)
Relationship between groups (independent/dependent)
Number of groups (two/more)

Types of Analysis
Bivariate Analysis

Exploring differences between two variables

Parametric vs non-parametric tests

The scale of measurment is of equal interval.

The distribution is normal.
The variences of both variables are homogenous.

Types of Analysis
Bivariate Analysis

Exploring differences between two variables

1. Non-parametric tests
Categorical variables
Non-categorical variables

2. Parametric tests
Non-categorical variables

Types of Analysis
Bivariate Analysis

Exploring differences between two variables

Non-parametric tests - Categorical variables
- Binomial test: to compare frequencies, two categories, one sample
Example: Ratio of male to female in specific industry compared to industry
in general.
- Chi-square test: to compare frequencies, more than two categories, one
sample
Example: Number of workers from four different ethnic groups

Types of Analysis
Bivariate Analysis

Exploring differences between two variables

Non-parametric tests - Categorical variables
- Crosstabulation: two or more categories, unrelated samples
Example: The proportion of male to female workers in both white and black
workers.
- Q test: three or more categories, related samples
Example: The number of people who didnt attend the three meetings.

Types of Analysis
Bivariate Analysis

Exploring differences between two variables

Non-parametric tests - Non-categorical variables
- Kolmogorov-Smirnov test: one sample & two unrelated samples
- Median test: two or more unrelated samples

- Mann-Whitney U test: two unrelated samples

- Kruskal-Wallis H test: three or more unrelated samples
- Wilcoxon test: two related samples
- Friedman test: three or more related samples

Types of Analysis
Bivariate Analysis

Exploring differences between two variables

Non-parametric tests - Non-categorical variables
- Mann-Whitney U test: two unrelated samples
Example: Rated quality of work for men and women.

- Wilcoxon test: two related samples

Example: Rated quality of work is the same in the first and second month.

Types of Analysis
Bivariate Analysis

Exploring differences between two variables

Parametric tests - Non-categorical variables
- t test: one sample
Example: The mean of a sample to that of the population

- t test: two unrelated samples

Example: Job satisfaction between men and women
- One-way ANOVA (analysis of variance): three or more unrelated means
Example: Job satisfaction of four ethnic groups

Types of Analysis
Bivariate Analysis

Exploring differences between two variables

Parametric tests - Non-categorical variables
- Levenes test: three or more unrelated variances
Example: The variances of job satisfaction across four ethnic groups

- t test: two related means

Example: Means of the same subject s in two conditions

Types of Analysis
Bivariate Analysis
Exploring relationships between
two variables: Crosstabulation
To demonstrate the presence or absence of a
relationship (nominal and ordinal variables)

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Types of Analysis
Bivariate Analysis
Exploring relationships between two variables:
Correlation
To show the strength and the direction of a relationship
(ordinal and interval variables)

1. Rank correlation (ordinal variables)

2. Linear correlation (interval variables)

Types of Analysis
Bivariate Analysis

Exploring relationships between two variables

Rank correlation
for ordinal variables and non-parametric samples

Spearmans rho
Kendalls tau

Types of Analysis
Bivariate Analysis

Exploring relationships between two variables

Linear correlation
for interval variables and parametric samples

Pearsons r
Regression (for making predications of likely values of the
dependent variable)

www.spss.com

Thank U
Quantitative Analysis Using SPSS
by Alaa Sadik
For more examples and information about this presentation visit
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www.freewebs.com/alaasadik