Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
PHENOMENA and
MICRO-NANOPARTICLES
Shlomo Magdassi
Casali 204
magdassi@mail.huji.ac.il
PEPPER
B. Particles
6. Fundamental processes for the
achievement of particles
Precipitation and chemical reduction
in solutions.
Evaporation from emulsion.
Reaction in a gas phase.
Grinding.
Polymerization in emulsion.
Syntheses in ordered systems
Sol-gel.
Reactions at the interface.
Coacervation.
Microcapsules
Metallic nanoparticles
Latex
Bibliography
1. Principles of Colloid and Surface
Chemistry, P.C. Hiemenez, Marcel Dekker,
N.Y., 1977.
2. Physical Chemistry of Surfaces, A.
Adamson, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y., 1990.
3. Surfactants and Interfacial Phenomena,
M.J. Rosen, 1991.
4. Specific references indicated during class.
Additional books related to this course can be
found in the library.
Key words: Interfaces, surfactants, colloid
chemistry, adsorption, emulsions, dispersions,
nanoparticles, microparticles, etc.
Attending Classes
6
Surface layer
Water-Air Interface
C18H38
H2O
)T,V,n
Coalescence of
of droplet
Curvature of
liquid surface
11
1 cm3 , A = 6 cm2
1 m3 cubes,
0.1 m3 cubes,
A = 6 104 cm2
A = 6 105cm2
Aerosols
Paints
Cement
Cosmetic Creams
Particle/Droplet Size
Surface Energy
Interactions/Stabilization
13
Acceptable name
Dispersion phase
Medium
Aerosol
Aerosol
Foam
Emulsion
Suspension,
colloidal solution
Solid foam
Alloy
14
Examples
Name
Medium
Dispersed
phase
Fog
Liquid aerosol
Dust
Solid aerosol
Soap bubbles
Foam
Milk,
cosmetic cream
Emulsion
Paint, ink
Sol, suspension
Dispersion
Tooth paste
Paste
Insulating foam
Solid foam
Margarine
Solid emulsion
Dry paint
Solid
dispersion
15
Micelles
Dispersions
Emulsions
16
Particles in Nature
Virus
Clay
17
E Ink ( Kindel )
Surfactants
RCOO Na+
R8-18c
cmc
log C
wetting
micelles
emulsion
flocculation
19
SDS Micelle
Micellar Solutions (Shampoo)
20
A) A cylindrical micelle
B) A bilayer
21
Application of Colloid-Surface
Phenomena
Detergency
Enhanced oil recovery
Emulsification
Adhesion
Ore floatation
Lubrication
Water repellency
Protein adsorption
Latex formation
Precipitation
Filtration
22
Cosmetics
Pharmaceutics
Agriculture
Food
Detergents
23
24
25
Percentage of molecules
in the surface
Percentage of molecules in the surface
25
20
15
10
-2
-1
log d/m
Variation of the percentage of molecules in the
surface as a function of particle size for a
substance with a molar volume of 30 cm3 mol-1
26
Fluid Interfaces
air
liquid
Surface curvature
Surface
Interface
27
Surface Tension
A
D
d
l
B
F
C
30
Film: 0:30-2:05
31
erg
= cm2
72.8
Mercury
485.0
Nitrobenzene
43.38
Oleic acid
32.5
Benzene
28.86
Toluene
28.4
n-Octane
21.77
n-Hexane
18.43
Olive oil
35.8
Molten metals
Ethanol
350-1800
22.5
32
Molten Nitrates
Water/
ethanol
NaCl/
water
surfactants
33
Surfactants
RCOO Na+
R8-18c
Soap
cmc
log C
wetting
micelles
emulsion
flocculation
34
OF SOLUTIONS
Changes at High Concentrations
35
Temperature Effect
T
= o (1- T/TC)n
Guggenheim-Katayama
o - constant for each liquid
n - empirical factor, ~1.3 organic liquid
TC - critical temperature
Pressure Effect
P
36
37
68
15
t (msec)
0.1N adipic acid
HOOC - (CH2)4 - COOH
50
0.1 mg/ml
40
1 mg/ml
2
BSA
t (hrs)
38
39
/ : -
12
Hexane
51.0
18.4
CCl4
48
26.9
Benzene
35
28.9
n-Octanol
8.5
27.5
n-Hexanol
6.8
n-Pentanol
4.4
n-Butanol
1.6
Ethanol
Mercury
375
485
Hexane
Butanol
Water
Water
41
1. Antonoffs Rule
12 = 1 - 2
(1,2 at saturation)
4V11/3 V2 1/3
=
(V1 1/3 + V2 1/3)2
V - molar vol.
42
12 = 1 + 2 - 21d 2d - 21p 2p
w =h + d = p + d
http://www.firsttenangstroms.com/pdfdocs/
OwensWendtSurfaceEnergyCalculation.pdf
43
oil
(dwater oil)1/2
Oil phase
(d
water
oil
)1/2
water
Water phase
44
45
46
47
Surface Curvature
gas
G 8 Rdr
P 4R2dr = 8 Rdr
Work against pressure difference.
P = 2 (/R)
( P = 4 (/R) for two surfaces )
Young & Laplace : P = (1/r1 +1/r2 )
Sphere: r1 = r2
Flat surface: r1 = r2 =
48
Droplet
radius
1 mm
0.1 mm
1 m
10 nm
p (atm)
0.0014
0.0144
1.436
143.6
49
Liquids in Capillaries
r
Wetting
h
P=0
Capillary rise
non-Wetting
Capillary depression
P = 2/r
P = gh
= (rhg )/2
hydrostatic pressure
( = 0o, 180o)
50
Up to 200 lit/hr!
Filling channels,
membranes
51
d = 1.476 g/cm3
h = 3.67 cm
r = 0.01 cm
=?
= 0.50.013.671.476981 = 26.6
(gcm/sec2cm)
= 26.6 dynes/cm
Water:
= 72 dynes/cm
h = 9.9 cm
Water,
r = 0.1 cm
h = 0.99 cm
52
Capillary demo
R >> r
f = 22R ( =0 )
= f/4 R
For i, ring must be wetted (=0 ) by the lower
Liquid. If CCL4/H2O, ring must be hydrophobic54
From:http://www.kruss.de/en/theory/measur
ements/surface-tension/ring-method.html
55
56
57
58
Interfacial Tensic
Interfacial Tension of
Clean and Dirty Engine Oils
Time(s)
Synth-C
Synth-D
Nat-C
Nat-D
SunOil
59
Wtotal = Wplate + 2( w + t )
(for complete wetting (=0)
=0
w : width
t : thickness
W : weight
61
O
C12
O-
Na+
O
62
2r = mg
= (mg/ 2r)
mg: max. weight which can be supported
by surface forces.
: empirical tables.
63
64
65
Sw
H=SE
SE
66
67
Contact Angle
68
Wetting demo
Sessile Drop
70
Oscillating Jets
71
72
73
Controlling Surface
Tension by Surfactants
RCOO Na+
R8-18c
cmc
log C
wetting
micelles
emulsion
flocculation
74
Surfactants Classification
1. Anionic
R C OO() Na(+)
2. Cationic
R (+)N(CH3)3 Cl()
3. Zwitterionic
R (+)NH2CHCH2 COO()
4. Nonionic
C OH O
COCR
C O C R
75
76
Micellization solubilization
Production and stabilization of emulsions
Production and stabilization of dispersions
Foaming
Fluctulation
Floatation
Wetting
Demo Foaming,
Wetting With Surfactant
78
Film :
0-2:57
4:46-13:35
18:30-20:20
79