Introductory Concepts in Operating Systems

Introductory Concepts in
Operating Systems
IT 221 Operating Systems
GILBERT R. HUFANA, MCS

Professor
Operating System
A program that acts as an intermediary between a

user of a computer and the computer hardware.
The software responsible for the management and
coordination of activities and the sharing of the
resources of the computer.
(http://en.wikipedia.org)
Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.
Its job is to coordinate the execution of all other
software, mainly user applications.
DMMMSU-MLUC Institute of Information Technology, Center of Development in I.T.
Operating System
user
application
operating system
hardware
The Computer System
Hardware provides basic computing resources
CPU, memory, I/O devices
Operating system
Controls and coordinates use of hardware among

various applications and users
The Computer System
Application programs define the ways in which

the system resources are used to solve the
computing problems of the users
Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database

systems, video games
Users
People, machines, other computers
Computer System Organization
Von Neumann Architecture
All temporary computer

designs are based on VON
NEUMANN architecture
KEY CONCEPTS:
Data & instructions are stored in

a single read-write memory
Contents of memory are
addressable by location
Execution occurs in a sequential
fashion
Computer System Operation
I/O devices and the CPU can execute concurrently.

Each device controller is in charge of a particular
device type.
Each device controller has a local buffer.
CPU moves data from/to main memory to/from
local buffers
I/O is from the device to local buffer of controller.
Device controller informs CPU that it has finished
its operation by causing an interrupt.
Components of a Modern OS
Storage
Management
Process
Management
File
Management
User
Interface
Device
Management
Memory
Management
Process Management
The Operating System must ensure that each

running application (process) is treated fairly
in terms of processor time allocated in a
Multi-Tasking environment
The processor is maximally and efficiently
utilized
10
Storage Management
Disk storage is only one of the memory types

that must be managed by the operating
system, and is the slowest.
The operating system must balance the needs
of the various processes with the availability
of the different types of memory, moving data
in blocks (called pages) between available
memory as the schedule of processes dictates.
11
Memory Management
When an operating system manages the

computer's memory, there are two broad tasks
to be accomplished:
Each process must have enough memory in which to

execute, and it can neither run into the memory space
of another process nor be run into by another process.
The different types of memory in the system must be
used properly so that each process can run most
effectively.
12
Device Management
Managing input and output is largely a matter of

managing queues and buffers, special storage
facilities that take a stream of bits from a device
especially important when a number of processes are

running and taking up processor time
Ex.: OS instructs a buffer to continue taking input

from the device, but to stop sending data to the CPU
while the process using the input is suspended.
13
File Management
A method for storing and organizing

computer files and the data they contain to
make it easy to find and access them.
File systems uses data storage device such as
a hard disk or CD-ROM and involve
maintaining the physical location of the files
14
User Interface
An interface is a set of commands or menus through

which a user communicates with a program.
otherwise regarded as the shell
one of the most important parts of any program
used to indirectly issue commands which are the

handed on to the kernel
determines how easily you can make the program do what
you want.
Command-driven or Graphical User

15
Operating System Services
User Interface
Program Execution
Resource Allocation
I/O Manipulation
Communication
Error Detection
Accounting
Protection and Security
16
OS Service: Program Execution
The system must be able to load a program

into memory and to run that program, end
execution, either normally or abnormally
(indicating error)
17
OS Service: Resource Allocation
When multiple users or multiple jobs running

concurrently, resources must be allocated to
each of them
Many types of resources - Some (such as CPU

cycles, main memory, and file storage) may have
special allocation code, others (such as I/O devices)
may have general request and release code.
18
OS Service: I/O Manipulation
A running program may require I/O, which

may involve a file or an I/O device
19
OS Service: Communication
Processes may exchange information, on the

same computer or between computers over a
network
Communications may be via shared memory or

through message passing (packets moved by the OS)
20
OS Service: Error Detection
OS needs to be constantly aware of possible

errors
May occur in the CPU and memory hardware, in I/O

devices, in user program
For each type of error, OS should take the appropriate
action to ensure correct and consistent computing
Debugging facilities can greatly enhance the users
and programmers abilities to efficiently use the
system
21
OS Service: Accounting
To keep track of which users use how much

and what kinds of computer resources
For what?
Basis for caching
22
OS Service: Protection & Security
The owners of information stored in a multi-user or

networked computer system may want to control use
of that information, concurrent processes should not
interfere with each other
Protection involves ensuring that all access to

system resources is controlled
Security of the system from outsiders requires user
authentication, extends to defending external I/O
devices from invalid access attempts.
23
System Calls
the mechanism used by an application program to

request service from the operating system
On Unix-based and POSIX-based systems, popular
system calls are open, read, write, close, wait, exec,
fork, exit, and kill.
Many of today's operating systems have hundreds of
system calls.
A typical way to implement this is to use a software
interrupt.
24
System Calls
25
System Call Implementation
Typically, a number associated with each system call
System-call interface maintains a table indexed

according to these numbers
The system call interface invokes intended system

call in OS kernel and returns status of the system call
and any return values
The caller need know nothing about how the system
call is implemented
Just needs to obey API and understand what OS will

do as a result call
26
System Call: An Illustration
27
OS Design & Implementation
Design and Implementation of OS not solvable,

but some approaches have proven successful
Internal structure of different Operating Systems
can vary widely
Start by defining goals and specifications
User goals and System goals
User goals operating system should be convenient

to use, easy to learn, reliable, safe, and fast
System goals operating system should be easy to
design, implement, and maintain, as well as flexible,
reliable, error-free, and efficient
28
OS Design & Implementation
Affected by choice of hardware, type of system

Important principle to separate
Policy: What will be done?
Mechanism: How to do it?
Mechanisms determine how to do something,
policies decide what will be done
The separation of policy from mechanism is a very

important principle, it allows maximum flexibility if
policy decisions are to be changed later
29
OS Structures
Simple/Monolithic
Layered
Virtual Machine
30
OS Structure: Monolithic
Most primitive form of the OS

Practically no structure
Characterized by a collection of procedures that can
call any other procedure
All procedures must have a well-defined interface
Does not allow information hiding (private functions
for procedures)
Services provided by putting parameters in welldefined places and executing a system call.
31
OS Structure: Monolithic
Basic structure
Main program that invokes requested service procedures

Set of service procedures to carry out system calls
Set of utility procedures to help the service procedures
User program executes until
program terminates
program makes a service request
a time-out signal occurs
an external interrupt occurs
32
OS Structure: Layered
Organizes the OS as a hierarchy of layers -- one

above the other
THE system (1968) layers are organized as
Allocation of processor, switching between processes

Memory and drum management
Operator-process communication -- process and operator
console
I/O management
User programs
Operator
33
OS Structure: Layered
34
UNIX System Structure
35
OS Structure: Virtual Machines
A virtual machine takes the layered approach to its

logical conclusion. It treats hardware and the
operating system kernel as though they were all
hardware
A virtual machine provides an interface identical to
the underlying bare hardware
The operating system creates the illusion of multiple
processes, each executing on its own processor with
its own (virtual) memory
36
OS Structure: Virtual Machines
37
VMware Architecture
38
JVM
39
OS Structure: Client-Server Model
User process (client) sends a request to server

process
Kernel handles communications between client and
server
Split OS into parts
File service
Process service
Terminal service
Memory service
40
End of Lecture
IT 221 Operating Systems
Any Question?

Introductory Concepts in Operating Systems

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Introductory Concepts in Operating Systems

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Introductory Concepts in

GILBERT R. HUFANA, MCS

A program that acts as an intermediary between a

The Computer System

Hardware provides basic computing resources

CPU, memory, I/O devices

Controls and coordinates use of hardware among

DMMMSU-MLUC Institute of Information Technology, Center of Development in I.T.

The Computer System

Application programs define the ways in which

Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database

People, machines, other computers

DMMMSU-MLUC Institute of Information Technology, Center of Development in I.T.

Computer System Organization

DMMMSU-MLUC Institute of Information Technology, Center of Development in I.T.

Von Neumann Architecture

All temporary computer

Data & instructions are stored in

Computer System Operation

I/O devices and the CPU can execute concurrently.

DMMMSU-MLUC Institute of Information Technology, Center of Development in I.T.

The Operating System must ensure that each

DMMMSU-MLUC Institute of Information Technology, Center of Development in I.T.

Disk storage is only one of the memory types

When an operating system manages the

Each process must have enough memory in which to

Managing input and output is largely a matter of

especially important when a number of processes are

Ex.: OS instructs a buffer to continue taking input

DMMMSU-MLUC Institute of Information Technology, Center of Development in I.T.

A method for storing and organizing

DMMMSU-MLUC Institute of Information Technology, Center of Development in I.T.

An interface is a set of commands or menus through

one of the most important parts of any program

used to indirectly issue commands which are the

Command-driven or Graphical User

Operating System Services

OS Service: Program Execution

The system must be able to load a program

DMMMSU-MLUC Institute of Information Technology, Center of Development in I.T.

OS Service: Resource Allocation

When multiple users or multiple jobs running

Many types of resources - Some (such as CPU

DMMMSU-MLUC Institute of Information Technology, Center of Development in I.T.

OS Service: I/O Manipulation

A running program may require I/O, which

DMMMSU-MLUC Institute of Information Technology, Center of Development in I.T.

Processes may exchange information, on the

Communications may be via shared memory or

DMMMSU-MLUC Institute of Information Technology, Center of Development in I.T.

OS Service: Error Detection

OS needs to be constantly aware of possible

May occur in the CPU and memory hardware, in I/O

To keep track of which users use how much

Basis for caching

DMMMSU-MLUC Institute of Information Technology, Center of Development in I.T.

OS Service: Protection & Security

The owners of information stored in a multi-user or

Protection involves ensuring that all access to

the mechanism used by an application program to

DMMMSU-MLUC Institute of Information Technology, Center of Development in I.T.

System Call Implementation

Typically, a number associated with each system call