CHAPTER 5

EXPERIMENTS AND TEST

Back ground
An experiment is an investigation carried out
under controlled conditions in order to discover
an unknown effect or to test or establish a
hypothesis.
A test is a means of critical examination aimed
at evaluating the characteristics of engineering
design.
They require careful planning prior to execution.

5.1 EXPERIMENTS
5.1.1 Scientific Method
Observation
Hypothesis
Experiment

5.1.2 Design of Experiments

Some First Principles

Variables
Repetition and Reproducibility
Relative versus Absolute Measurements
Scientific Integrity
Design Experimental Procedure (sulit)

Dependence and independence

Variable

Dependence and independence

Variable

Design Experimental Procedure

(sulit)

5.2 EXPERIMENTAL DATA

5.2.1 Data Recording and Ducumentation
5.2.2 Measurement and Accuracy
5.2.3 Errors

5.3 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF

EXPERIMENTAL DATA
AVERAGE OR ARITHMATIC MEAN OF MEASUREMENTS

1 N
1
X X i ( X 1 X 2 ... X N )
N i 1
N
THE STANDARD DEVIATION
1/ 2

1
2
( Xi X )
N i 1

1/ 2

2
1

( X 1 X ( X 2 X )2 ... ( X N X )2 )
N

Histogram for the class grade data

5.3.1 Statistical Distribution

Functions
AVERAGE OR THE FIRST MOMENT OF DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION

X X 1F ( X 1 ) X 2 F ( X 2 ) ... X N F ( X N )
VARIANCE

Variance ( X 1 X ) 2 F ( X 1 ) ( X 2 X ) 2 F ( X 2 ) ... ( X N X ) 2 F ( X N )

N
2
2
2
Variance
( X 1 X ) F ( X 1 ) ( X 2 X ) F ( X 2 ) ... ( X N X ) F ( X N )
N 1

STANDARDde viatian (VARIANCE )1 / 2

Distribution function of two sets of

data with differing degree of int.fluc.

5.3.2 Common Distribution

Functions
Binomial Distribution

n!
x
n x
F ( x)
p (1 p)
(n x)
( p.n) x e pm
p 1, F ( x)
x!
Poisson Distribution

x x

x e
F ( x)
x!

Normal Distribution

1
2
2
P( x)
exp ( x x ) / 2
(2x )

Gaussian or Normal distribution

5.3.3 Data Analysis and Corelation

5.4 TESTING
5.4.1 Testing Programs
5.4.2 Analysis of Test Resuls
5.4.3 Types of Testing

5.4.1 Testing Programs

1. Is a test needed at all?
2. What type of test?
3. Design the test data statistically
significant
4. The test data should be properly
analyzed and interpreted.

5.4.2 Analysis of Test Results

( x x )2
1
P ( x b)
exp
dx

1/ 2
2
2

b 2

xx

5.4.3 Types of Testing

Performance Tests
Quality Assurance Tests
Endurance Tests
Safety Tests
Environmental Impact
Human Acceptance Tests

Scrap and Usuable