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Memory
memory is an organism's ability to store,
retain, and recall information and experiences.
It is a process which brings the past
experiences into a state of consciousness and
makes it living
Memory
Process by which information is:
Acquired
Encoding
Later retrieved
Retrieval
Definitions of Memory
Memory consists in remembering what
has been previously learned
Woodworth and Marquis
Factors of Memory
Learning
Memorising/remembering
Retention
Recall
Recognition
Types of memory
Three types of memory
Sensory memory
Short-term memory (STM)
Long-term memory (LTM)
Can hold vast quantities of information
for many years
Retrieval
Stimulus
Sensory
memory
Attention
Forgetting
Encoding
Short-term
memory
Long-term
memory
Forgetting
Forgetting
Sensory Memory/Immediate
memory
Stores all the stimuli that
register on the senses
Lasts up to three seconds
Two types
Iconic memory
Sensory
Input
Sensory
Memory
Visual
Usually lasts about 0.3
seconds
Echoic memory
Sensory memory for
auditory input that lasts
only 2 to 3 seconds
Momentary in nature
Retentive time is only in seconds
Engrams are overwritten by other
stimulus
Eg. Remembering seat no. in cinema hall
Memory
Short term memory
activated memory that holds a few items
briefly
look up a phone number, then quickly dial
before the information is forgotten
Short-term Memory
Limited capacity
Long-term Memory
Once information passes from
sensory to short-term memory, it can
be encoded into long-term memory
Retrieval
Sensory
Input
Encoding
Attention
Sensory
Memory
Working or
Short-term
Memory
Long-term
memory
Permanent memory
Input is very slow
Duration unlimited
Capacity unlimited
Retrieval depends on representation and
organization
We don't have to discard old items to remember
new items
It is of two types
Explicit memory-long term memory
that involves deliberate or conscious
recall
Implicit memory-knowledge that we
are not conscious of recalling , but
influences behavior or thought without
our awareness
Long-term memory
Procedural (Implicit)
Memories of behaviors, skills, etc.
Demonstrated through behavior
Declarative (Explicit)
Memories of facts
Episodic personal experiences tied to places
& time
Semantic general knowledge
Semantic network
Factors influencing
memory
Meaningfulness and purposefulness of the
subject matter
Amount of material to be memorized
Will and determination to remember
Interest and attention
Repetition and practice
Provision for change and proper rest
Association
Grouping
Rhythm
Part 4
Improving Memory