SDH Principle

Internal
SDH Principle
www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
All rights reserved
Upon completion of this course, you
will be able to:
Understand the basic of SDH

multiplexing standard
Know the features, applications
and advantages of SDH based
equipment
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Page 2
Chapter1 SDH Overview

Chapter2 Frame Structure & Multiplexing Methods
Chapter3 Overheads & Pointers
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Page 3
References
SDH Principle Manual

ITU-T G.701, G.702, G.707
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Page 4
Emergence of SDH
What is SDH?
---- Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
---- It defines a standard frame structure, with a
specific multiplexing method, fixed digital rates
hierarchy and interface code pattern.
Why did SDH emerge?
---- Need for a system to process increasing
amounts of information.
---- New standard that allows interconnecting
equipment of different suppliers.
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Page 5
Disadvantages of PDH (Multiplexing methods)

PDH : Asynchronous Multiplexing
The location of low-rate signals in high-rate signals is neither regular nor
predictable
140 Mb/s
140 Mb/s
34 Mb/s
34 Mb/s
8 Mb/s
8 Mb/s
Multiplexers
Demultiplexers
Level by level
2
Not suitable for huge-volume transmission
Headache for network planners
Mb/s
More equipment to achieve this functionality

More equipment More floor space
More power More costs
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Page 6
Advantages of SDH (Interfaces)

PDH
SDH
Electrical interfaces
Electrical interfaces
--- Only regional standards.

3 different PDH rate hierarchies:
European (2.048 Mb/s), Japanese,
North American (1.544 Mb/s).
Optical interfaces
--- No standards on equipment for
optical line, manufacturers develop at
their will.
--- Can access all existing PDH

signals.
Optical interfaces
--- Can be connected to different
vendors optical transmission
equipments.
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Page 7
Advantages of SDH (Multiplexing method)
STM-1
A
A
Byte interleaved multiplexing

method
Low rate SDH to higher rate SDH
(STM-1 STM-4 STM-16 STM-64)
STM-1
B
B
One Byte from

STM-1 B
4:1
STM-4
C
STM-1
--- Synchronous multiplexing method and

flexible mapping structure
D
STM-1
What about PDH?
--- Multistage pointer to align PDH loads in

SDH frame, thus, dynamic drop-and-insert
capabilities
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Page 8
Advantages of SDH (OAM function)
PDH
Weak Operation,
Administration &
Maintenance function
SDH
Abundant overheads bytes for operation,

administration and maintenance
About 5% of the total bytes are being
used
Overhead bytes for management
Remote & Centralized Management
Fast circuit provisioning from centralized

point
Advanced facilities for service quality
monitoring
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Page 9
Advantages of SDH (Compatibility)

STM-N
Transmit
Processing
Receive
Processing
SDH Network
Container
Container
Pack
PDH SDH ATM
STM-N
Unpack
Ethernet
PDH SDH ATM

Service Signal Flow Model
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Page 10
Ethernet
Comparison
Low bandwidthbetween
utilization SDH and PDH
ratio
Signal
Digital Bit Rate
Channels
E0
64 kbit/s
One 64 kbit/s
E1
2.048 Mbit/s
32 E0
E2
8.448 Mbit/s
128 E0
E3
34.368 Mbit/s
16 E1
E4
139.264 Mbit/s
64 E1
PDH Hierarchy
Bit Rate
Abbreviated
SDH
SDH Capacity
155.52 Mbit/s
155 Mbit/s
STM-1
63 E1, 3 E3 or 1 E4
622.08 Mbit/s
622 Mbit/s
STM-4
252 E1, 12 E3 or 4 E4
2488.32Mbit/s
2.5 Gbit/s
STM-16
1008 E1, 48 E3 or 16 E4
9953.28Mbit/s
10 Gbit/s
STM-64
4032 E1, 192 E3, 64 E4
SDH Hierarchy
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Page 11

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Page 12
SDH Frame Structure

Frame = 125 us
From ITU-T G.707:
1.
2.
3.
4.
One frame lasts for 125

microseconds (8000
frames/s)
Rectangular block
structure 9 rows and 270
columns (Basic frame:
STM-1)
Each unit is one byte (8 bits)
Transmission mode: Byte
by byte, row by row, from
left to right, from top to
bottom
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
9 rows
270 Columns
Bit rate of STM-1= 9*270*8*8000

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Page 13
SDH Frame Structure

Frame = 125 us
Three parts:
SOH
AU-Pointer
Information
Payload
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
RSOH
AU-PTR
Information
Payload
MSOH
9
270 Columns
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Page 14
9 rows
SDH Frame Structure

Information Payload
Also known as Virtual Container level 4 (VC-4)
Used to transport low speed tributary signals
Contains low rate signals and Path Overhead (POH)
Location: rows #1 ~ #9, columns #10 ~ #270
LPOH, TU-PTR
RSOH
package
9 rows
HPOH
AU-PTR
low rate signal
Payload
MSOH
package
LPOH, TU-PTR
9
1
270 Columns
Data
package
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Page 15
SDH Frame Structure

Section Overhead
Functions: Fulfills the section layer OAM
1
2
3
Types of Section Overhead

RSOH
1.
AU-PTR
5
6
7
8
9
Information
Payload
MSOH
9 rows
RSOH monitors the regenerator

section
2. MSOH monitors the
multiplexing section
Location:
1. RSOH: rows #1 ~ #3,
columns #1 ~ #9
2. MSOH: rows #5 ~ #9,
columns #1 ~ #9
270 Columns
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Page 16
SDH Frame Structure

AU-PTR
Function:
Indicates the first byte of
VC4
Location:
row #4, columns #1 ~ #9
RSOH
4 AU-PTR
Information
Payload
MSOH
J
1
9
270 Columns
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Page 17
9 rows
SDH Multiplexing Features

SDH Multiplexing includes:
Low to high rate SDH signals (STM-1 STM-N)

PDH to SDH signals (2M, 34M & 140M STM-N)
Other hierarchy signals to SDH Signals (IP STM-N)
Some terms and definitions:
Mapping
Aligning
Multiplexing
Go to glossary
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Page 18
SDH Multiplexing Structure

1
1
AUG-64
STM-64
4
STM-16
4
STM-4
AUG-4
4
STM-1
AUG-16
AU-4-64c
VC-4-64c
C-4-64c
AU-4-16c
VC-4-16c
C-4-16c
AU-4-4c
VC-4-4c
C-4-4c
AU-4
VC-4
C-4
E4
signal
AUG-1
Mapping
Aligning
Multiplexing
TUG-3
TU-3
VC-3
C-3
E3 signal
TU-12
VC-12
C-12
E1 signal
7
TUG-2
Go to glossary
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Page 19
SDH Tributary Multiplexing (140M)

140 Mbit/s to STM-N
C4
VC4
1
140M
Rate
adaptation
1
H
P
O
H
Add HPOH
9 Mapping
1
260
125 s
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Next
9
1
125s
Page 20
261

AUG-1
10
STM-1
270
270
RSOH
Add
AU-PTR
AU-PTR
Add
SOH
AU-4
X1
9
Aligning
Multiplexing
1 STM-N
AUG-N
Add
One STM-1 frame can load

only one 140Mbit/s Signal
SOH
9
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AUPTR
MSOH
Page 21
Info
Payload
270X N

34 Mbit/s to STM-N
C3
VC3
1
34M
Rate
Adaptation
1
L
P
O
H
Add LPOH
Next
9
1
84
9
Mapping
125s
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125s
Page 22
85

TU-3
1
H1
H2
H3
TUG-3
1
86
Fill
gap
1st
align
VC-4
86
H1
H2
H3
H
P
R R
O
H
Aligning
261
R
9
Multiplexing
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Page 23
Same
procedure
as 140M

2 Mbit/s to STM-N
TU12
VC12
C12
1 LPOH
2M
Rate
Adaptation
Add
LPOH
9
Mapping
Next
page
Add
TU-PTR
9
125s
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Aligning
Page 24
TU-PTR

TUG-3
TUG-2
1
12
86
1
R R
X7
X3
Multiplexing
9
Same
procedure
as 34M
Multiplexing
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Page 25
Questions
What are the main parts of SDH Frame structure?

What is the transmission rate of STM-4? How to calculate it ?
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Page 26
Glossary
Mapping - A process used when tributaries are adapted into VCs by adding POH
information
Aligning - This process takes place when a pointer is included in a Tributary Unit (TU)
or an Administrative Unit (AU), to allow the 1st byte of the VC to be located
Multiplexing - This process is used when multiple low-order path signals are adapted
into a higher-order path signal, or when high-order path signals are adapted into aBack
Multiplexing Section
C = Container
VC = Virtual Container
TU = Tributary Unit
AU = Administrative Unit
TUG = Tributary Unit Group
AUG = Administrative Unit Group
STM = Synchronous Transport

Module
POH = Path Overhead

Back
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Page 27

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Page 28
Overheads
Overheads
Section
Overhead
(SOH)
Regenerator
Section Overhead
(RSOH)
Path
Overhead
(POH)
Multiplex Section
Overhead
(MSOH)
High Order Path

Overhead
(HPOH)
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Page 29
Low Order Path

Overhead
(LPOH)
10
A1
A1
A1
A2
A2
A2
J0
J1
B1
E1
F1
B3
D1
D2
D3
C2
MSOH
AU-PTR
B2
B2
D4
B2
G1
K1
K2
F2
D5
D6
H4
D7
D8
D9
F3
D10
D11
D12
S1
M1
Media dependent bytes (Radio-link, Satellite)

X Reserved for National use
Huawei propriety bytes
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K3
E2
V5
N1
J2
N2
K4
LPOH: VC-11/12
Page 30
HPOH: VC-3/4
RSOH
Overheads
A1 and A2 Bytes
Framing Bytes
Indicate the beginning of the STM-N frame

Bytes are unscrambled
A1 = f6H (11110110), A2 = 28H (00101000)
STM-N: (3XN) A1 bytes, (3XN) A2 bytes
STM-N
STM-N
STM-N
STM-N
STM-N
Finding frame head
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Page 31
STM-N
A1 and A2 Bytes
Frame
Find
A1,A2
over 625s
(5 frames)
OOF
over 3ms
LOF
Next
process
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AIS
Page 32
D1 ~ D12 Bytes
Data Communications Channel (DCC) Bytes
RS-DCC D1 ~ D3 192 Kbit/s (3x64 Kbit/s)

MS-DCC D4 ~ D12 576 Kbit/s (9x64
Kbit/s)
NE
NE
NE
NE
DCC channel
TMN
OAM Information: Operation, Administration and

maintenance
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Page 33
E1 and E2 Bytes
Orderwire Bytes
E1 RS Orderwire Byte Used between regenerators

E2 MS Orderwire Byte Used between multiplexers
NE
NE
NE
NE
E1 and E2
Digital telephone channel
E1-RS, E2-MS
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Page 34
B1 Byte
Bit interleaved Parity Code (BIP-8) Byte
A parity code (even parity)

Used to check the transmission errors over the RS
B1 BBE is represented by RS-BBE (performance event)
B1 STM-N
Rx
Tx
BIP-8
A1
A2
A3
A4
00110011
11001100
10101010
00001111
B 01011010
1#STM-N
Calculate B1 = A
2#STM-N
B1 = A
2#STM-N
Calculate B1 = A
Compare A & A B1 BBE
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Page 35
1#STM-N
B2 Byte
Bit interleaved Parity Code (MS BIP-24) Byte
BIP-24 is used to check the bit errors over the MS

B2 BBE is represented by MS-BBE (performance event)
The working mechanism of B2 is same as B1
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Page 36
M1 Byte
Multiplexing Section Remote Error Indication Byte
A return message from Rx to Tx ,when Rx find B2 bit errors
Value is the same as the count of BIP-24xN (B2) bit errors

Tx generate corresponding performance event MS-FEBBE
Traffic
Rx
Tx
Return M1
Generate
MS-FEBBE
MS-REI
Find B2 bit errors

Generate MS-BBE
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Page 37
K1 and K2 (b1-b5) Bytes

Automatic
Protection
Switching
(APS) bytes
I
I
I
I
P
P
Used for network multiplexing

protection switch function
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WTR
WTR
P
Transmitting APS protocol
Page 38
K2 (b6 ~ b8) Byte
Start
Rx detects K2 (b6-b8) = "111
Generate MS-AIS alarm

Rx detects K2 (b6-b8) = "110"
Generate MS-RDI alarm
Detect
K2 (b6b8)
110
111
Generate
MS-AIS
Generate
MS-RDI
Return
MS-RDI
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Page 39
S1 Byte
Synchronization Status Message Byte (SSB): S1
b1 ~ b4 Value indicates the external clock ID (Extended

SSM)
b5 ~ b8 Value indicates the sync. Level (Standard SSM)
bits 5 ~ 8
Description
0000
Quality unknown (existing sync. Network)
0010
G.811 PRC
0100
SSU-A (G.812 transit)
1000
SSU-B (G.812 local)
1011
G.813 (Sync. Equipment Timing Clock)
1111
Do not use for sync (DNU).
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Page 40
Path Overheads
1
2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9
10
J1
VC-n Path Trace Byte
B3
Path BIP-8
C2
Path Signal Label
G1
Path Status
F2
Path User Channel
H4
TU Multiframe Indi
F3
Path User Channel
K3
AP Switching
N1
Network Operator
Higher Order Path Overhead

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Page 41
J1Byte
Detect J1
Path trace byte

The first byte of VC-4
User-programmable (HUAWEI
SBS)
Match
The received J1 should match

the expected J1
Next
process
HP-TIM
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Page 42
B3 Byte
Path bit parity
Even parity code
Verify B3
Used to detect bit errors

Mechanism is same as B1and B2
Correct
HP-BBE
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Next
process
Page 43
C2 Byte
Detect C2
Signal label byte

The received C2 should match with
the expected C2
Specifies the mapping type in the
00H
VC-n
00 H Unequipped
Match
HP-UNEQ
02 H TUG structure
04 H E3/T3 mapping into C3
Next
12 H E4 mapping into C4 process
HP-SLM
13 H ATM mapping
Insert AIS
downward
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Page 44
Path Overheads
Low Order Path Overhead
1 V5
J2
N2
K4
V5
VC-12
VC-12
VC-12
VC-12
First byte of the multi-frame
Indicated by TU-PTR
Error checking, Signal Label and Path Status of
VC-12
b1- b2 Error Performance Monitoring (BIP-2)
9
500s VC-12 multi-frame
b3
Return Error detected in VC-12 (LP-REI)
b4
RFI)
Return Failure declared in VC-12 (LP-
b5 ~ b7 Signal Label for VC-12

b8
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Indicate
in VC-12 path (LP-RDI)
Page Defect
45
Pointers
Pointers
Bytes indicated
Administrative
Tributary
Unit Pointer
(AU-PTR)
Unit Pointer
(TU-PTR)
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AU-PTR VC-4 J1
TU-PTR VC-3 J1
VC-12 V5
Page 46
AU-PTR
1
RSOH
Positive
Negative
justification justification
H1YYH2FF H3H3H3
0 --- 1--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 86
87 --- 88 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 173
MSOH
435 --- 436 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 521 125s
522 --- 523 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 608
1
RSOH
696 --- 697 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 782
H1YYH2FFH3H3H3
0 --- 1 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 86
87 --- 88 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 173
MSOH
9
1
435 --- 436 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 521 250s
9
270
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Page 47
TU-PTR
TU Multi-frame 500s
4
H1
TU POINTERS
H2
H3
VC-12
VC-12
VC-12
VC-12
VC3
V1
V2
TU POINTERS
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Page 48
V3
V4
Questions
Which byte is used to report the MS-AIS and MS-RDI?
What is the mechanism for R-LOF generation?
Which byte implements the RS(MS/HP) error monitoring?
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Page 49
Summary
SDH Overview
SDH Frame Structure & Multiplexing
Methods
Overhead & Pointers
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Page 50
Thank You
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Internal

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

Upon completion of this course, you

will be able to:

Understand the basic of SDH

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

Chapter1 SDH Overview

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

SDH Principle Manual

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

Disadvantages of PDH (Multiplexing methods)

More equipment to achieve this functionality

All rights reserved

Advantages of SDH (Interfaces)

--- Only regional standards.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

--- Can access all existing PDH

All rights reserved

Advantages of SDH (Multiplexing method)

Byte interleaved multiplexing

One Byte from

--- Synchronous multiplexing method and

What about PDH?

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

--- Multistage pointer to align PDH loads in

Advantages of SDH (OAM function)

Abundant overheads bytes for operation,

Fast circuit provisioning from centralized

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Advantages of SDH (Compatibility)

PDH SDH ATM

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

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Digital Bit Rate

4032 E1, 192 E3, 64 E4

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Chapter1 SDH Overview

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

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SDH Frame Structure

One frame lasts for 125

Bit rate of STM-1= 9*270*8*8000

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SDH Frame Structure

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SDH Frame Structure

low rate signal

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

SDH Frame Structure

Types of Section Overhead

RSOH monitors the regenerator

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SDH Frame Structure

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

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SDH Multiplexing Features

Low to high rate SDH signals (STM-1 STM-N)

Bit rate of STM-1= 92708*8000