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Anand V P Gurumoorthy
Associate Professor
Chemical Engineering Division
School of Mechanical & Building Sciences
VIT University
Vellore, India
Regenerative:
Direct contact:
Bell-Delaware method
Most widely used.
Takes into account:
Leakage through the gaps between tubes and baffles and the
N
Db d 0 t
K1
1 / n1
Q UA Tm
U 0 h0 hod
2k w
d i hid d i hi
LMTD
LMTD is given by:
Tlm
(T1 t 2 ) (T2 t1 )
T t
ln 1 2
T2 t1
Counter-current Flow
Temperature Proflies
Tm Ft Tlm
Temperature correction factor, one shell pass, two or more even tube passes
Pressure Drop
As the process fluids move through the
Nu C Re Pr
w
Nu
hi d e
kf
u d
Re t e
Pr
Cp
kf
Re Pr
hi
ut C p
0.33
0.14
hi d i
0.33
jh Re Pr
kf
w
0.14
( p t d 0 ) Ds b
pt
As
where Ws is the fluid mass flow rate in the shell in kg/s
4
4
de
d 0
4 0.87 pt
2
2
4
de
d 0
2
Gs d e
us de
hs d e
jh Re Pr1 / 3
kf
w
0.14
2
s
0.14
(Figure 8 in notes)
(T1 T2 )
(t 2 t1 )
(t 2 t1 )
(T1 t1 )
(Figure 4 in notes)
Q UA Tm
1 / n1
N
Db d 0 t
K1
(Figure 2)
hi
(Figure 9 in notes)
As
( p t d 0 ) Ds b
pt
p
1 d2
4 t 0.87 pt 0
2
2 4
de
d 0
2
(Table 3 in notes)
d
d 0 ln 0
1
1
1
di d0 1 d0 1
U 0 h0 hod
2k w
d i hid d i hi
(Figure 10 in notes)
L m
u 2
Pt N p 8 j f 2.5 t
d i w
2
(Figure 12 in notes)
D
Ps 8 j f s
de
u s2
2 w
0.14
Bells Method
In Bells method, the heat transfer
Gs d 0
u s d 0
jh Re Pr
kf
w
0.14
(
N
For Re<100, n
c)
Ab B ( Ds Db )
2N
A
s
Fb exp b 1
As N cv
1/ 3
Atb
0.8d 0
(Nt N w )
2
Cs Ds
Asb
(2 b )
2
FL 1 L
AL
'
L
Pi 8 j f N cv
2 w
2
s
0.14
2N
A
s
Fb' exp b 1
As N cv
1/ 3
A
L
'
L
'
L
Coefficient for FL
u z2
2
uz uwus
uw is the velocity in the window zone
W
uw s
Aw
Ws is the shell-side fluid mass flow
Nwv is number of restrictions for cross-flow in
window zone, approximately equal to the number of
tube rows.
Ps 2Pe ( N b 1)Pc N b Pw
Effect of Fouling
Above calculation assumes clean tubes
Condensers
Construction of a condenser is similar to other shell and
tube heat exchangers, but with a wider baffle spacing
l B Ds
Dropwise condensation
1/ 3
where (hc)1 is the mean condensation film coefficient, for a single tube
kL is the condensate thermal conductivity
L is the condensate density
v is the vapour density
L is the condensate viscosity
g is the gravitational acceleration
is the tube loading, the condensate flow per unit length of tube.
If there are Nr tubes in a vertical row and the condensate is assumed to
flow smoothly from row to row, and if the flow is laminar, the top tube
film coefficient is given by:
(hc ) Nr (hc )1 Nr1/ 4
tube to tube.
Kerns estimate of mean coefficient for a tube bundle
is given by:
( v ) g
(hc ) b 0.95k L L L
L h
1/ 3
N r1/ 6
Wc
LN t
( v ) g
(hc ) v 0.926k L L L
L v
1/ 3
Colburns Results
Boyko-Kruzhilin Correlation
(hc ) BK
L v
J11/ 2 J 21/ 2
hi
where
J
k
hi 0.021 L
di
In a condenser, the inlet stream will normally be saturated vapour and vapour will be totally condensed. For
these conditions:
(hc ) BK
0.8 0.43
Re Pr
L
1
v
hi
For design of condensers with condensation inside the tubes and downward vapor flow, coefficient should
be evaluated using Colburns method and Boyko-Kruzhilin correlation and the higher value selected.
not flood.
Flooding should not occur if the following
condition is satisfied:
1/ 2
v
Stratified flow
Limiting condition at low condensate and vapor rates
Annular flow
Limiting condition at high vapor and low condensate rates
For stratified flow, the condensate film coefficient can be estimated as:
( v ) g
(hc ) s 0.76k L L L
L h
1/ 3
Condensation of steam
For air-free steam a coefficient of 8000 W/m2-0C should be
used.
Tlm
( t 2 t1 )
T t
ln sat 1
Tsat t 2