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Competitive Market
This
is the classic
textbook market structure.
Firms in a competitive
market all make a product
that is perfectly
substitutable: all
demanders are equally
satisfied with any suppliers
product.
Monopoly
The
Oligopoly
A
Monopolistic Competition
The
market has
many firms but each
suppliers product is
differentiated.
Consumers can be
induced to change
brands but they
have brand
preferences.
Question
What
Answer
Monopoly
single
firm
no close substitutes
barriers to entry
full and symmetric
information
9
10
Natural Monopolies
11
Merck.
A very effective AIDS therapy.
Development costs were more than one
billion dollars.
Annual revenue now from treating around
90,000 patients is $500,000,000.
12
Good Monopolies
The
Ownership
Secret or Know-how
Behavior
buy em up
blow em up
lets make a deal
Microsoft and operating systems?
15
Caveats
monopoly
16
17
Simple Monopoly
Quantity
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
20
Graphical Display of
Monopolists Solution
90.00
Marginal Cost
Average Total Cost
70.00
60.00
50.00 Monopoly Profits
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
200
190
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
90
80
70
60
50
40
100
-10.00
30
0.00
20
100.00
10
Dollars/unit
-20.00
-30.00
-40.00
Quantity
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Implications of the
Monopolists Profit Maximum
Simple MonopolyPerformance
Efficiency:
23
The
Price Discriminating
Monopolists
A
price
discrimination
26
Believe It Or Not
What would you do to prevent resale???
when: 1940s
market: plastic molding powder
27
Question
The
29
The best single price in this market is $7.50/ticket, which makes economic profits of $4,225
(blue entries). Set marginal cost = marginal revenue with the single price.
The price discriminating monopolist can make more economic profits by charging adults $8.50
(yellow entries) and seniors $6.50 (green entries). Set marginal cost = marginal revenue
separately for each market.
30
Summary of Price
Discrimination Example
Profit Maximum with 2 Prices
Economic profits adult market
Economic profits senior market
Total with price discrimination
Total without price discrimination
2,813
1,513
4,325
4,225
Calculating
Believe It Or Not
when:
early 1990s
market: contact lenses
firm: Bausch & Lomb
Lenses:
Guess
what?
32
Believe It Or Not
They
What
34