Power System Stability

Unit-IV

What is Stability
Ability of the system to return to normal or
stable operation after having been subjected
to some disturbance
Rotor Angle Stability-ABILITY OF SYSTEM TO
REMAIN IN SYNCHRONISM EVEN AFTER
DISTURBANCE

Disturbance
Load Changes
Faults
Structural Changes due to isolation of some
faulted elements

 Non-linear , dynamic continuously changing

PS
Stability dependent on initial operating
conditions and nature of disturbance
PS maybe stable for some (large ) disturbances
and maynot be stable for another

Types of Stability

Rotor Angle Stability

ability of system to remain in synchronism
even after disturbance
Some generators accelerate while others
decelerate losing synchronism
Small signal rotor angle stability, large signal
rotor angle stability

Small signal rotor angle stability

Maintain synch under small disturbances
Linearized around initial operating conditions
Stability depends only on operating cond and
not disturbance
Instability- non oscillatory periodic inc in rotor
angle or increceasing amplitude of rotor
oscillations due to insufficient damping
10-20 sec time frame

Large signal rotor angle stability

Large disturbance
Instability- large excursions from generator rotor
angles
Dependent of initial operating cond AND
disturbance parameters like type,
magnitude,location etc
3-5 sec time frame

Dynamic Stability- Small Signal+ automatic

controls (outdated terminology)

Swing Equation
NORMAL-Relative position of the rotor axis and
resultant magnetic field axis is FIXED-POWER
ANGLE or TORQUE ANGLE
DISTURBANCE-rotor will deccelerate or acc w r t
synch rotating air gap mmf
Equation describing relative motion of rotorSWING EQUATION
No power change rotor angle remains same
otherwise rotor comes to new operating power
angle relative to synch revolving field

Swing Equation -Derivation

E- no load generated emf

V-terminal voltage
-power angle
Te-electromagnetic torque developed
sm-Synchronous Speed

Tm-Driving Mechanical Torque

J-combined moment of inertia of gen and prime mover
m-angular displacement of rotor wrt stationary ref
frame

Derivation-Begins
Under Steady State cond

Modeling of Synchronous MachinesCylindrical Rotor

Constant voltage, E` and transient reactance
Xd`

 Real Power at node 1

Power angle curve(Pe vs )

Maximum Power is referred to as Steady State Stability

Limit (SSSL)
Gen o/p can be inc till SSSL

Modeling of Synchronous MachinesConsidering Saliency

Under transient conditions

Steady State Stability

Transient Stability Equal Area Control

Equal Area Criteria to analyse stability
Graphical method based on energy stored in
rotating mass.

Must be zero for stability

Application of EAC-Sudden increase in

Power Input

Unit-IV contd

Application of EAC-three phase fault

Fault at sending end

Bolted fault at F- no power transfer to infinite

bus,Pe=0( Power angle curve is horizontal axis)
M/c takes total power input,Pm to accelerate
and store KE

 Fault cleared
at del1

Critical clearing angle: A2>A1 : loss of stability

Critical Clearing time

which is the time taken by the machine to swing from
its initial position to its critical
clearing angle

Fault in between

Step by Step solution of swing

equation
the period of interest is divided into several short
intervals
The change in the angular position of the rotor
during a short interval of time is computed by
making the following assumptions
1. The accelerating power Pa computed at the
beginning of an interval is constant from the
middle of the proceeding interval to the middle
of the interval considered.
2. d/dtis constant throughout any interval at the
value computed at the middle of the interval.

Factors affecting transient stability

Auto reclosures
80-90% faults are temporary
Auto reclosing improves transient stability
when done for temporary faults

Method of improving the

transient stability limit of a power system

Increase of system voltages, use of AVR

Use of high speed excitation system
Reduction in system transfer reactance
Use of high speed reclosing breakers

Voltage Stability
voltage stability is concerned with the ability of a
power system to maintain acceptable voltages at all
buses in the system under normal conditions and after
being subjected to a disturbance
voltage instability when a disturbance results in a
progressive and uncontrollable decline in voltage
Following voltage instability, a power system
undergoes voltage collapse if thepost-disturbance
equilibrium voltages near loads are below acceptable
limits.
Voltage collapse may be total (blackout) or partial

MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION OF VOLTAGE

STABILITY PROBLEM
slower forms of voltage instability are
normally analysed as steady state problems
using power flow simulation
PV curves and QV curves- give steady-state
loadability limits which are related to voltage
stability
Consider the radial two bus system

 V is a double-valued function
P for a particular pf which determines Q in
terms of P
For each value of pf, the higher voltage
solution indicates stable voltage case, while
the lower voltage lies in the unstable voltage
operation zone
the changeover occurs at Vcr(critical) and
Pmax

Increase beyond Pmax, V(dec), I (inc), drop(inc)

and V further decreases

QV curve
Consider once again the simple radial system

Automatic Voltage Restorer

Reactive Power and Voltage Control

Generator Excitation System-maintains gen
voltage and controls reactive power
AVR- to maintain constant terminal voltage
Voltage mag is sensed using PT on a phase
Voltage rectified and compared with the dc
setpoint
Amplified error signal control exciter field and inc
exciter terminal voltage
Gen field current is inc and then gen emf
increases

 Amplifier model

 Exciter model

Generator model

Sensor Model

Modified AVR
With stabilizer to improve response